Process Structures
Where do the four marketing orientation fall from high to low on customization order to delivery lead time?
Highest - ETO (engineer to order)
Second highest - MTO (make to order)
Third highest - ATO (assemble to order)
Lowest - MTS (make to order)
According to the service process matrix which service has low labour intensity and high customization/customer interaction?
service shop
What layout do these businesses use: Toyota, Apple, Nestlé
Product Layout
What is takt time?
In line balancing, this term refers to the maximum time allowed at each workstation, based on customer demand.
What are processing technologies?
Automate material and data processing to provide 24/7 resource availability, faster processing, greater consistency, and lower cost.
What is a batch process?
A process in which goods or services are produced in groups (batches) and not in a continuous stream. (products that have basic models with several different options, Cinemas offer movies to batches of people)
Where does professional services fall on the service process matrix?
high labor intensity and high customization/customer interaction
What is the definition of functional layout
A layout that groups together similar resources (goal time and cost of moving materials and people are minimized.)
What is a cellular layout?
This layout type groups similar products into families and assigns them to dedicated work cells, combining flexibility with efficiency
what is process automation?
Technologies that are used to automate processes include mobility, robots (including autonomous vehicles), and the Internet of Things (IoT) to improve efficiency and reduce human labour.
A single-flow process used for high-volume no discrete, standardized products, Little variety, highly specialized automated equipment
continuous process
What is the definition of front of office and back of office? Include an example of each?
front-office processes Processes that have contact with the customer. e.g. server at a restaurant
back-office processes Processes that are not seen by the customer. e.g. cook at a restaurant
What is a fixed position layout? 3
The layout used when the product cannot be moved during production (large products such as homes, buildings, bridges, large ships, airplanes, and spacecraft. All of the resources and inputs must come together at the product’s location)
What step is creating a precedence diagram in the line balancing?
the first step in line balancing and involves identifying task durations and the order in which tasks must be completed
what are integrative technologies?
Combine data management, communications, decision support, and processing capabilities. e.g. Cloud computing, Mobile devices and wearables, Internet of Things (IoT), Global position systems (GPS)
What inputs transformation and out puts come from a Job shop process?
- high variety of materials
Transformation - challenging to determine schedules
- Many different flow patterns
- high work-in-progress inventory
Output - Customized, low volume
What is the definition of service factory?
Customer contact, customization, and labor intensity are low while investment in facilities and equipment is high. range of standard services is offered to customers who value low price above all else
According to this definition what layout is this?
A layout where resources are arranged according to a regularly occurring sequence of activities. (All customers or products follow the same route through the process.)
Product Layout
What is group technology? And what step is it used in cellular layout?
technique is used to group products with similar processing needs so they can be produced in the same work cell. the first step.
Name three major challenges companies face during digital transformation
Cybersecurity
Data privacy
Supply chain talent
Technical talent
Investment costs
Perceived quality
Societal issues
What are the two ways you can create flexibility in mass customization?
1. Products are assembled from standard modules that are stored in inventory, reducing the time from order to delivery. 2. Advanced technologies such as 3D printing (or additive manufacturing), robotics, or flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) make a wider range of products in a wider range of volumes faster and at a lower cost than using conventional equipment
What service is this? low customer interaction/customization and high labor intensity. Through automation, some mass services have reduced costs and improved customer service availability.
Mass service
Based on this benefit and drawback, what layout is this?
Benefit - Learning and collaboration increases because employees with similar skills work together
Drawback - Processing times and work-in-process inventory tend to be high as jobs or customers wait to be processed in different departments
Functional layout
step 5 of line balancing is to determine line efficiency, how do you calculate line efficiency.
Efficiency = [Sum of all task times/(Actual workstations × Takt time)] × 100
What challenge of technology is this describing?
Challenge to digital transformation involves concerns about automation displacing workers, offshoring being reduced by robotic process automation, and broader impacts of technological change
societal issues