Leadership
Identify (in order) the 4 parts of a briefing session
Contract
Individual Goal Setting
Authority
Framing the Experience
Reflect/Debrief
Define: Percieved Risk
An Individuals subjective assessment of the real risk present at any time and varies between individuals
Name the 5 features of the Natural Environment
1. Geology and soil type
2. Climate
3. Position and Aspect
4. Landforms
5. Vegetation Patterns
What information do topographical maps show?
(select minimum 3 out of 6)
Marginal Information
Scales
Position Referencing
Contours
Gradients
Types of Natural Features and Landforms
Identify a hazard and a causal risk associated with paddling white water on the Murray River.
Hazards:
- rocks, tea trees, moving water, strainers, sieves, other boats/students, blackberry bushes, ropes attached to canoes, fatigue, students not following instructions
- risks, drowning, foot entrapment, concussion/injury/scratches/broken bones
Identify the 5 leadership theories
Trait, Behavioural, Situational, Transformational, Transactional
Explain the difference between a real and absolute risk
A real risk is the amount of risk which actually exists at a given moment in time, the absolute risk is the uppoermost limit of risk that could be present before the impact of any safety measures or controls present are considered.
How is a Igneous Rock formed and where can you find one in WA?
Solidifed from magma Granite, dolerite and basalt.
Found in Dwellingup on the river (the Granite rocks)
Explain what Back Bearing is and how to calculate it
While a bearing gives the direction of a line from one point to another, the reverse direction is called a back bearing. This is- the reverse direction from the route you were taking.
To calculate the back bearing, either add or subract 180 to your compass bearing depending on what your original bearing was.
If it is less than 180 deg then you add... if it was more than 180deg then you subract.
What are the three types of rocks?
Igneous
Sedementary
Metamorphic
Describe what 'Framing the experience' means in relation to to briefings and give an example of this in an outdoor experience
Sets the stage for activity and clarifies the experience by drawing on a common picture. Safety goals, explanations, group interaction and setting the tone all occur here, as does skills instructions and reframing or repeating instructions.
When abseiling, our instructor taught us how to correctly fit a harness and helmet, taught us how to abseil and told us what to do if they heard the call 'BELOW' which meant either a rope was being thrown down or rocks had become dislodged and were a safety hazard. He was very serious and discussed the consequences of what would happen should we not follow the instructions he had given us.
Explain the term 'Risk Shift'
Risk Shift is the risk level in a particular situation. It may not be constant and can change rapidly depending on action from participants or leader, environment or equipment
Explain the differences of Vegetation Patterns across Australia
Coastal areas involve vegetation with less water needs and a high tolerance to salt. Vegetation here is predominatley bush scrub and smaller vegetation with Shallower roots.
Down south there is an expansive amount of Jarrah and Marri rainforrests due to higher rainfall, and more nutrient rich soil. Trees have big leaves due to needing to absorb more sunlight.
The northern end of Australia is characterised by a tropical climate with a high level of rainfall and so is covered in lush, dense vegetation (tropical rainforests). These have deep roots and multiple levels of
a) What is the formula for calculating magnetic variation?
b) Solve the following equation:
Grid Magnetic Angle =4deg5' (West)
Map year: 2023
Annual Change: 2'10"
a) MV = GMA +/- (#YRS x AC)
b) mv = 4deg5' + (2x2'1-")
mv = 4deg5' + (4'20")
mv = 4deg 9' 20"
therefore mv = 4degrees (rounded)
SAFETY
Label the 5 ways you can reduce risk (Risk Reduction)
1) Safety policy and guidelines (being familiar with guidelines that outline acceptable codes of practice for activities )
2) Risk disclosure (discussing the nature of the risk, informing about responsibilities)
3) Know the participants (different personalities, medical needs, and group management)
4) Staff training (being aware of evacuation routes and procedures)
5) Equipment and maintenance
Identify and explain the three parts of a briefing session
Full Value Contracting
Indicates agreement of group members to the activity parameters and positive interactions and conscious actions of respect and inclusivity. May refer to challenge by choice.
Goal Setting
Indicates group and or individual goals have been set for the activity, may refer to SMART Goals
Framing the experience
Indicates an activity context has been set, provides a reason for doing the activity/relating it to other aspects of life, may refer to metaphors.
Explain what the term 'Social Processes' means in relation to risk (Social and Psychological Factors)
It makes reference to an individual’s relationship with others and themselves. The attitudes, moods, and feelings of people play a role during activities or an expedition
It is important to think about how a person gets on with others in the group, and leaders are usually aware of how participants usually interact with each other
Describe the climates found in Australia (3x dot points required)
Explain magnetic deviation
the error in the compass reading caused by the surrounding magnetism.
This may be due to factors such as steel fences or powerines.
A safe distance from a fence is 10m and from powerlines is 80m
Explain the steps in taking a bearing from a map to then walking on the bearing
Ensure direction of travel arrow is correct
line up the side of the compass with the start point and first destination
turn the dial so the referencing lines, line up with the grid reference lines on the map ensuring the red referencing lines are north (on the map)
Read the bearing where the index line is
to walk on a bearing
stand with the compass flat in your hand
rotate your body so that the red magnetic needle is inside the red referencing arrow
walk in the direction of the direction of travel arrow on the compass
Identify landmarks that are in line with your direction of travel arrow to help maintain the correct line so you do not have to rely on your compass. It should be easily identified as you approach (preferably about 30-50m ahead of you). Once reached, repeat
Describe the Situational and Transformational leadership theory
Situational:
Leadership style varies from situation to situation. Leaders work in different ways and change their style to suit the situation
Transformational:
Key to this theory is the leader’s personality, enabling others to plan for the future and determine long-term goals. The leader motivates the group to see the importance of and higher good of the task · The leader inspires others by: - Setting an example - Motivating people - Developing thinking skills - Supporting individuals - Gaining trust and respect
Identify an Outdoor education experience where either a student or an instructor has reduced the absolute risk of an activity through policy and guidelines AND risk disclosure
Policy
While we were paddling on the Murray River, the teachers organising the camp ensured that all supervision ratios outlined by the Department of Education were adhered to. They all held the necessary qualifications required to instruct students on that section of the river and they hired Paddle Australia Instructors to run the rapids.
Risk Disclosure
Before we paddled any white water, our teachers explained all of the different risks that could occur. They taught us about strainers, sieves, tea trees and foot entrapments. They then explained to us what to do in each scenario and ran us through hyperthetical scenarios so we could practice, should we have found ourselves in a high risk situation.
Explain the relationship with the vegetation you have experienced on an Outdoor Experience and the climate (how vegetation impacts climate, not how climate impacts vegetation)
Dwellingup's forests, particularly the jarrah forests, have a significant relationship with the local climate and are crucial for its stability. These forests, dominated by jarrah and marri trees, are vital for water security, biodiversity, and climate change mitigation. The forests also help regulate regional climate through evapotranspiration and act as a carbon sink, absorbing a significant amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
Choose 4x natural features/landforms. Explain them and draw what they would like like (as contour lines)
Water course - line defining the lowest part of a valley
Watershed - a ridge of land separating two trainage basins (the summit of land from which water flows in two directions)
River - A passage of flowing water (don't follow as vegetation is generally dense)
Ridge - The line along a hill or range of hills, from which the water flows in opposite directions
Basin - An area drained by a river and its tributaries, or an area of fairly level ground surrounded by hills
Crest - the highest part of a hill or mountain
Spur - A minor feature in the form of a ridge running out from a hill or mountain
Re Entrant - a valley or ravine, usually between two spurs, running inwards towards the hill or mountain top
Undulating ground - ground which rises and falls gently
Saddle or col - a depresion or dip between two higher points
Ravine - A long deep valley worn by a stream
Escarpment - the steep hillside formed by a sudden drop in the general gound level, usually from a plateau
Gorge - A deep Ravine usually with steep sides
Plateau
Knoll
Gully - A dished out portion on the side of a slope which often contains a creek or watercourse
Describe a time in an Outdoor Experience when a teacher or instructor has used the transactional leadership theory
(Transactional Theory: Agreement is reached between the leader and the followers who are rewarded for achieving the task, this system is based on a system of reward and punishment)
Examples include:
If you tent with the person I allocate you with, you can choose your cooking partners.
The sooner we finish this hike and get to camp, the more free time we will get
If your team wins the adventure hike, you don't have to pack up camp (alternatively the losing team does).