Types of Cell Signals
What type of signal is sent to nearby cells?
Local signal
What is the cell cycle?
A series of steps for cell growth and division
What is a common second messenger in many pathways?
(cAMP)
What is mitosis?
Cell division
What is the first step of cell signaling called?
(Reception)
What kind of signal travels through the blood to far-away cells?
Hormone or long-distance signal
What phase does the cell spend most of its time in?
Interphase
What type of enzyme adds phosphate groups to proteins?
(Kinase)
How many new cells are made in mitosis?
Two
What kind of molecule binds to a receptor protein?
(Ligand)
What is it called when a cell sends a signal to itself?
Autocrine signaling
What is the part of the cycle where the cell divides?
M phase (mitosis)
What is the function of a G protein in a signaling pathway?
(It transmits signals from receptors to enzymes or ion channels)
Are the new cells the same or different from the original?
The same (identical)
Which type of signaling occurs when cells communicate over short distances using local regulators like neurotransmitters?
(Paracrine signaling)
What is it called when cells touch to send signals?
Direct contact
What is G1, S, and G2 part of?
Interphase
How does a signal amplification occur in a transduction pathway?
(One signal leads to the activation of many downstream molecules)
What is the final step of mitosis called?
Cytokinesis
What is the difference between autocrine and paracrine signaling?
(Autocrine affects the same cell; paracrine affects nearby cells)
What system in our body uses hormones to send signals?
Endocrine system
What happens in the S phase?
DNA is copied (replicated)
What kind of response might a cell have?
Turn on a gene, grow, divide.
What is the order of mitosis phases?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
What is the name for signaling that involves hormones traveling through the bloodstream?
(Endocrine signaling)