Pilot qualification
What are the requirements to remain current as a private pilot?
-within the preceding 24 months, a pilot must have a flight review
- to carry passenger, a pilot must have made within the the preceding 90 days
3 takeoffs and landings in the same category, class, & type
when is an an airworthiness certificate Issued?
An airworthiness certificate is issued by the FAA to an aircraft that has been proven to meet the minimum design and manufacturing requirements and is in condition safe for operation.
What service does the FAA provide for pilots to obtain a weather briefing?
The FAA provides the Flight Service Program
By phone: 1-800-wx-brief
online : 1800wxbrief.com
radio: FSS 122.2 or a specific frequency found on a VFR sectional
What are the two categories of Airspace in the NAS?
Regulatory and non-regulatory
What are the primary control surfaces of a c172?
Elevator
Ailerons
Rudder
What are the four forces of flight?
Lift, Gravity, Thrust, and Drag
What is hypoxia?
Hypoxia is a state of oxygen deficiency in the body sufficient to impair functions of the brain or other organ.
What is the definition of a high-performance aircraft?
A high- performance aircraft is one with an engine of more than 200hp
Does the Airworthiness certificate have an expiration date?
No. A standard airworthiness certificate remains valid for as long as the aircraft meets its approved type design, is in a condition safe for operation, and maintenance is preformed in accordance with Part 21,43, and 91
What types of weather briefings are provided by a FSS briefer?
-Standard
-abbreviated
-outlook
-inflight
Explain the factors that determine the category and type of airspace an area will have
The category and type of airspace are dictated by the complexity or density of aircraft movement, nature of the operation conducted in the airspace, the level of safety require, and national or public interest.
Describe the brake system of the C172?
Hydraulically actuated disc-type brakes are used on each main wheel. The hydraulic line connects each brake to a master cylinder.
What is an airfoil?
An airfoil is a device which gets a useful reaction from air moving over its surface, namely lift.
wings, horizontal tail surfaces, vertical tail surfaces, and propellers are examples of airfoils.
What are he four types of hypoxia?
Hypoxic
hypemic
stagnant
histotoxic
Explain the difference between being current and being proficient
Being current means that the pilot has accomplished the minimum FAA regulatory requirements to exercise the privileges of their certificate.
Being proficient means that the pilot is capable of conducting a flight with a high degree of skill, knowledge, and safety
What are airworthiness directives?
An AD is the medium by which the FAA notifies aircraft owners and other potentially interested persons of unsafe conditions that may exist because of design defects, maintenance, or other causes, and specifies the condition under which the product may continue to be operated.
While en route, how can a pilot obtain updated weather information?
FSS 122.2/ RCO
ATIS/AWOS
ARTCC (air route traffic control center)
DatalinkATC
What is class A airspace?
Generally the airspace from 18,000ft MSL up to and including FL600
What type of engine does the C172 have?
Lycoming (whatever model)
horizontally opposed
air-cooled
naturally aspirated
direct drive
What is the angle of attack?
The angle of attack is the angle between the wing cord line and the direction of the relative wind.
What is hyperventilation?
hyperventilation, often caused by an subconscious increased rate of breathing, is a decrease in the carbon dioxide content of the blood.
To exercise the privileges of a private pilot certificate, what medical certificate is require, and how long is it valid?
At least a Third-Class Medical
- 60 months under the age of 40- 24 months over the age of 40
(does not include BasicMed)
What are the two types of airworthiness directives?
-Those of an emergency nature requiring immediate compliance prior to further flight
-Those that are less urgent in nature requiring compliance within a specified period of time
What is a METAR?
A METAR is an hourly surface observation of conditions observed at an airport.
there are two types of METARS
-routine (every hour)
-SPECI (any time there is an update to rapidly changing weather)
What is the definition of class C airspace?
Generally, that airspace from the surface to 4,000 AGL (charted in MSL) surrounding those airports that have an operational control tower, are serviced by a radar approach control tower, and that have certain IFR operactions
What four strokes must occur in each cylinder of a four stroke engine in order for it to produce full power?
Intake
compression
power
exhaust
What is load factor?
Load factor is the ratio of the total load supported by the airplane’s wing to the actual weight of the airplane and its contents. load is often described in G’s
How can ear block normally be prevented from occurring?
swallowing
yawning
valsalva maneuver
not flying with an ear infection
What is the definition of a complex aircraft?
-Flaps
-controllable pitch propeller
what is a supplemental type certificate?
An STC is the approval of a major change in the type design of a previously approved type certificate product.
What is a PIREP?
A pilot report.
A PIREP provides information regarding conditions as they actually exist in the air, which cannot be gathered from any other sources.
What are the dimensions of a class C airspace?
Although each class C is individually tailored, the airspace usually consists of a 5NM radius core surface area that extends from the surface to 4,000ft AGL and a 10nm radius shelf area that extends from 1200ft AGL to 4,000ft AGL
What change occurs to the fuel/air mixture when applying carburetor heat?
Normally, the introduction of heated air into the carburetor will result in a richer mixture. Warm air is less dense, resulting in less air for the same amount of fuel.
What effect does an increase in load factor have on stalling speed?
As load factor increases, stall speed increase. Any aircraft can be stalled at any airspeed within the limits of its structure and the strength of the pilot. At a given airspeed the load factor increases as the angle of attack increases.
What action should be taken if a pilot suspects carbon monoxide poisoning?
A pilot who suspects carbon monoxide poisoning should immediately shut off the heater, open all air vents, and land as soon as practical. If symptoms persist the pilot should seek medical attention.
Explain pro rata share
the pilot may not pay less than a proportional share of the operating expenses of a flight with passengers, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures or rental fees
What documents are required on board on an aircraft prior to flight?
Airworthiness
Registration
Radio station License
Operating Limitations Weight and balance
Compass deviation card
External data plate/serial number
What is a TAF?
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast
a TAF is the expected meteorologic conditions significant to aviation for a specific time within 5 sm of the center of the runway complex.
Define what it means to establish “Two-way radio communication“ prior to entering the Class C airspace?
If a controller responds to a radio call with the aircrafts call sign (Skyhawk123RB) radio communications have been established.
if a controller responds to the initial radio call without using the aircrafts call sign, radio communication has not been established and the pilot may not enter the class C airspace
What is Detonation?
Detonation is the uncontrolled, explosive ignition of the fuel/air mixture within the cylinder.
Common causes of detonation would be:
-lower grade fuel then specified by the aircraft manufacturer
-extremely high manifold pressures with low rpm
-high rpm settings with excessively lean mixtures
-extended ground operations with reduced cooling
What is Ground Effect?
Ground effect is a condition of imposed performance the aircraft experiences when it’s operating near the ground. a change occurs in the three-dimensional flow pattern around the airplane because airflow around the wing is restricted by the ground surface.
Define the term stress?
Stress is the body’s response to physical and phych demands placed on it.
stress can be Acute (short term)
or Chronic (long term)
What are the privileges and limitations that apply to a private pilot?
No person who holds a private pilot certificate may act as PIC of an aircraft that is carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire
May act as PIC
in connection with business if incidental to that business and does not fly for compensation
charitable, nonprofit, or community events
may be compensated for search and rescue operations
What are the required tests and inspections to be performed on an aircraft?
Annual -12 months
ADs as required
VOR -30 days (IFR)
100 hour (for hire)
Altimeter (pitot-static) 24 months
Transponder 24 months
ELT 12 months (battery compliance 91.207)
What are the different types of Airmets?
Sierra - describes IFR conditions
Tango - describes moderate turbulence, sustained winds of 30kts or greater, and low level wind shear.
Zulu - describes moderate Icing and provides freezing levels
How is a class C airspace depicted on a navigational chart?
A solid magenta line is used to depict Class C Airspace
What instruments operate off of the pitot/static system?
Altimeter
Airspeed indicator
VSI
What effect would a rearward center of gravity have on An aircraft’s flight characteristics?
Lower stall speed
higher cruise speed
less stable
What restrictions apply to the use of drugs or alcohol?
No person may attempt to act as a crew member of a civil aircraft:
-within 8 hours after consumption of alcohol
-while under the influence of alcohol
-while having a blood Alcohol concentration of .04 or more
- while under any drug that affects the persons facilities in any way that is contrary to safety
What are the eligibility requirements for a PPL certificate?
At least 17
proficient in English
at least a third-class medical
Required endorsements
experience requirements
and pass the knowledge and practical tests
What is the difference between a 100 inspection and an annual inspection?
The main difference is that only an A&P with an IA can perform an annual inspection. The 100 hour inspection can be performed by any A&P Mechanic.
Explain the difference between a stable atmosphere and an unstable atmosphere?
The stability of the atmosphere depends on its ability to resist vertical motion.
A stable atmosphere makes vertical movement difficult, and small vertical disturbances dampen out and disappear.
In an unstable atmosphere, small vertical air movements tend to become larger, resulting in turbulent airflow and convective activity.
What is the minimum equipment required to operate in class B airspace?
Two way radio communication
Mode C transponder
ADSB-out
What are the two fundamental properties of a gyroscope?
Rigidity in space - a gyroscope remains in a fixed position
Precession - tilting or turning of a gyro in response to a deflective force. (force is felt 90 degrees in the direction of rotation)
What factors effect air density?
Altitude
temperature
humidity
what causes spatial disorientation?
Visual
vestibular
postural
these three systems work together well. However, when the human body is subjected to the forces of flight, these senses can provide misleading information.