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100

What is the ideal gas law? 

PV=nRT 

100

What are some pathogenic causes of TD? 

- Bacterial (50–80%): ETEC, EIEC, EAEC, Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella

- Viral (10–20%): Noroviruses

- Protozoal: Consider in persistent cases (>14 days) or when antibiotics fail

200

What is the MOA of heparin? 

  • Exerts an anticoagulant effect by combining with antithrombin III and enhancing the rate at which antithrombin III inhibits thrombin (IIa) and activated factor X (Xa) 



200

Explain the definition of diarrhoea and distinguish between its classification as acute or chronic.

DIARRHEA: excessively frequent passage of stools (>3/ day is abnormal)

  • Acute or chronic: >3 weeks in children, 4w in adults 

300

Phases of Cough:

Receptorial Phase: Activation of mechanoreceptors,     nociceptors, and chemoreceptors in the airways sends signals to the brainstem via the vagus nerve.

Inspiratory     Phase: The brainstem signals the glottis to open, and the diaphragm and chest muscles contract, filling the lungs with air.

Compression Phase: The glottis and epiglottis close, and expiratory muscles contract, increasing intrapulmonary pressure and compressing the alveoli and bronchioles.

Expiratory Phase: The glottis, epiglottis, and larynx suddenly open, allowing the built-up pressure to force a powerful burst of air to clear irritants like mucus or dust from the airways.

300

What are some clinical features that distinguish IBS, infective colitis, and an IBD flare? 

  • IBS: No blood, no fever, normal labs/colonoscopy, symptoms often stress-related.

  • Infective colitis: Acute onset, blood/mucus in stool, fever, positive stool cultures, improves with antibiotics.

  • IBD flare: Chronic disease with acute worsening, blood in stool, systemic features, abnormal labs and colonoscopy

400

What are the 7 major tissue reaction patterns based on Weedon's classification system? 

  • Lichenoid (interface) 
  •  
  • Psoriasiform 
  •  
  • Spongiotic 
  •  
  • Granulomatous 
  •  
  • Vesiculobullous 
  •  
  • Vasculopathy 
  •  
  • Panniculitis 
400

Why is it important to distinguish between ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease? 

  • Treatment: Some medications and surgical approaches differ between the two diseases.

  • Surgical planning: UC can sometimes be cured by colectomy, but Crohn’s disease can recur after surgery.

  • Prognosis: The risk of complications and long-term outcomes differs.

  • Cancer surveillance: The risk and recommended screening intervals for colon cancer may vary.

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