Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table
What is the name of the rule that states no two electrons in an atom can have the same spin number?
Pauli Exclusion Principle
What is the name of the ion of Fe that loses 3 electrons?
Iron (III) ion
What are the two main components of an ecosystem?
Biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components.
What are the three main parts of most cells?
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
What are the two classes of waves?
Mechanical and electromagnetic waves
What is the principal quantum number?
(n)
Name the compound Cu(NO₃)₂
Copper(II) nitrate
What process returns nitrogen gas to the atmosphere?
Denitrification
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
What is the difference between a transverse and a longitudinal wave?
In transverse waves, particles move perpendicular to the direction of the wave; in longitudinal waves, they move parallel.
What is the energy needed to remove an electron called?
Ionization energy
Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water?
Because the ions are free to move and carry electric current.
What factors affect population size?
irth rate, death rate, immigration, emigration
What is active transport and how is it different from diffusion?
Active transport moves substances against a concentration gradient using energy.
Define wavelength and include its SI unit.
The distance between two consecutive crests or troughs in a wave. The SI unit is m-meters.
It forms at extremely low temperatures close to absolute zero; it helps scientists study quantum mechanics.
Bose-Einstein condensate
What are two properties typical of covalent compounds?
Low melting/boiling points and poor conductivity.
What is eutrophication, and what causes it?
Overgrowth of algae due to excess nutrients from fertilizers.
Why is the nucleus considered the control center of the cell?
It contains DNA that controls cell activities.
What formula relates wave speed, frequency, and wavelength?
Wave speed = frequency × wavelength (v = f × λ)
A radioactive isotope undergoes alpha decay. What happens to its atomic number and mass number?
The atomic number decreases by 2, and the mass number decreases by 4.
Explain the difference between a polar bond and a polar molecule.
A polar bond has uneven electron sharing; a polar molecule has an overall dipole due to bond shape and polarity.
Why are food webs more accurate than food chains in showing feeding relationships?
Because they show multiple pathways and interconnections in an ecosystem.
What process connects the nucleus, RER and the Golgi body?
Protein synthesis
Why does a straw in water appear bent?
Because of refraction — light changes speed and direction in different media.