Unit 1
This macromolecule is primarily responsible for long-term energy storage and includes fats, oils, and waxes.
What are lipids?
This organelle is the site of protein synthesis.
What is the ribosome?
This term describes the region of an enzyme where the substrate binds.
What is the active site?
This type of feedback loop amplifies a response and moves the system further from the starting state.
What is positive feedback?
This property of water allows it to move upward through plant stems against gravity
What is Cohesion/Adhesion/Capillary action?
This term describes the transfer of materials across the cell membrane.
What is diffusion?
Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering this.
What is activation energy?
Describe what can happen if cell cycle checkpoints fail and cells divide uncontrollably.
What is the development of tumors or cancer due to unregulated cell division?
This type of reaction joins monomers to form polymers and produces water as a byproduct.
What is a dehydration synthesis reaction?
This type of transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.
What is active transport?
This molecule is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration.
What is oxygen?
Explain the biological significance of apoptosis in multicellular organisms.
What is that apoptosis removes damaged or unnecessary cells, maintaining tissue health and preventing diseases like cancer?
his level of protein structure refers to the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
What is the primary structure?
This organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
This part of the chloroplast is where the light-dependent reactions occur.
What is the thylakoid membrane?
This protein complex regulates the progression of the cell cycle and is activated by cyclins.
What are cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)?
This is the name of the bond that links nucleotides together in a strand of DNA or RNA.
What is a phosphodiester bond?
Explain why cells are limited in size by their surface area-to-volume ratio.
What is because as cells grow, volume increases faster than surface area, limiting efficient exchange with the environment?
This process occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and produces NADH, FADH₂, ATP, and CO₂ from acetyl-CoA.
What is the Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle)?
This stage of the cell cycle ensures that cells do not begin mitosis until DNA is fully replicated and undamaged.
What is the G2 checkpoint?