Philosopher
He represents hard determinism
Baron d'Holbach
People are free (and responsible) in the choices they make if they are acting on the basis of their own desires; and they are unfree (and not responsible) if they are being compelled to do something they don’t wish to do.
Compatibilism
Define "hard determinism"
The belief that all actions are fully caused by prior events, making free will an illusion
"Existence precedes essence".
Sartre/Existentialism.
What according to William James confirms our belief in free will.
Judgments of regret
This neuroscientist defended eliminative materialism, stating consciousness is brain activity.
Patricia Churchland.
The view that all parts of the world, and of our own experience, can be traced back to one singular thing.
Reductionism
This term describes freedom as "acting on internal desires without external coercion".
Liberty of spontaneity.
I deny, in short, that you are your brain. But I don’t deny that you have a brain. And I certainly don’t deny that you have a mind. To have a mind, though requires more than a brain. Brains don’t have minds; people (and other animals) do.
Alva Noë
We are free when our actions are caused by our_____? (finish the sentence and say who said that)
He believed that free will and determinism could co - exist.
David Hume
Action is free if the agent could have done otherwise.
Libertarianism
Explain "agent causation" in libertarian free will.
The ability of a self to initiate causal chains independently of prior events.
"Freedom is the opposite of compulsion"
Stace/compatibilism
Name three emotions we experience when we discover that we are condemned to be free according to Sartre.
anguish, abandonment, and despair.
He believed that if free will is indeed an illusion, then it makes no sense to encourage people to make enlightened moral choices nor to hold them morally responsible when they fail to.
This theory argues some actions are uncaused, allowing genuine free choice.
Indeterminism
Define "qualia"
Subjective experiences (e.g., color perception) that physical information/knowledge can’t capture.
Which philosopher said that: "freedom requires determinism"?
Hobart
Why does Noë argue consciousness isn’t in the brain alone?
The role of body-environment interaction.
He believed that if free will genuinely exists, then the exercise of it is the strongest evidence for its existence.
William James
Philosophical view that all aspects of the universe are composed of matter and energy and can be fully explained by physical laws.
Materialism/physicalism
Define "transcendental freedom" (Kant) in contrast to empirical causality.
Freedom is a noumenal ability to initiate actions outside natural cause-effect chains.
I cannot understand regret without the admission of real, genuine possibilities in the world.
William James
Explain why d’Holbach saw Socrates’ death as determined by internal constraints.
Invisible motives like "love of virtue" compelled Socrates to stay.