Genetics
What is the term for the observable traits of an organism?
Phenotype
What are the four main types of biological macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
The two scientists credited with developing the concept of evolution by natural selection
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment.
What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2
Genotype refers to the genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to the observable traits.
What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
To provide energy and serve as structural components.
Define natural selection.
Natural selection is the process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce.
Name one example of a negative feedback loop in the human body.
An example is the regulation of body temperature/blood sugar...
In which organelle does photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplasts
What type of inheritance pattern is shown when one allele is not completely dominant over another?
Incomplete dominance
What is an enzyme?
Enzymes speed up biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
What is genetic drift and how does it affect evolution?
Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequencies in a population, often affecting small populations.
What hormones regulate the menstrual cycle?
Eostrogen and progesterone
Explain the difference between light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Light-dependent reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy, while light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) use that energy to produce glucose.
What are the chances of having a homozygous recessive offspring from two heterozygous parents?
25% (1 out of 4)
How do the structures of DNA and RNA differ?
DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded and contains uracil instead of thymine.
What evidence do scientists use to support the theory of evolution?
Evidence includes fossil records, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology.
Describe the phases of the menstrual cycle.
The menstrual cycle includes the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase.
What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight, which is essential for photosynthesis.
Explain what a Punnett square is and its purpose in genetics.
A Punnett square is a diagram used to predict the genetic outcomes of a cross between two organisms.
Explain the process of protein synthesis.
Protein synthesis involves transcribing DNA to mRNA and translating mRNA to form proteins.
Discuss the concept of speciation and its significance in evolution.
Speciation is the process by which new species arise, significant for biodiversity.
How does the body maintain blood glucose levels? Name of the two hormones
The body maintains blood glucose levels through insulin and glucagon.
How does photosynthesis impact the carbon cycle?
Photosynthesis absorbs carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, impacting the carbon cycle.