Classical Con.
This Russian physiologist pioneered classical conditioning through studies with dogs.
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
He formulated the "Law of Effect" using puzzle boxes and cats.
Who is Edward Thorndike?
Organizing information into familiar units to enhance encoding (short-term memory)
What is chunking?
Visual sensory memory that lasts about 0.5 seconds.
What is iconic memory?
The process of getting information into the memory system.
What is encoding?
The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
What is conditioned response?
This type of reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus.
What is negative reinforcement?
This type of memory involves conscious recall of facts and experiences.
What is explicit memory?
The first stage in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory.
What is sensory memory?
The inability to form new memories due to hippocampal damage.
What is anterograde amnesia?
The reappearance of a weakened conditioned response after a pause.
What is spontaneous recovery?
In Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment, this term refers to learning by watching others.
What is observational learning?
This principle suggests that encoding is stronger when spaced over time.
What is the spacing effect?
These two types of explicit memory include facts and personal experiences.
What are semantic and episodic memory?
The two brain abnormalities associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
What are beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles?
The conditioned stimulus in the Little Albert Experiment
What is a white rat?
A stimulus that signals that reinforcement is available if a behavior is performed.
What is a discriminative stimulus (DS)?
This part of the brain helps you remember new places and is essential for encoding new memories.
What is the hippocampus?
Forgetting due to insufficient initial encoding.
What is encoding failure?
This synaptic process, shown in sea slugs, is considered the neural basis for long-term memory.
What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?
The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli.
What is discrimination?
The four processes in observational learning are attention, retention, reproduction, and this.
What is motivation?
Memory is stronger when material is made personally meaningful.
What is elaborative rehearsal? (self-reference effect)
Prior learning interfering with new learning is called this.
What is proactive interference?
This model describes how concepts are linked and can activate related memories.
What is the semantic network model?