Sparta
The secret police in Sparta who were used to control the helot population
Krypteia
This building in Pompeii could seat about 20,000 people for entertainment.
Amphitheatre
Caesar’s position as this high priest in 63 BCE gave him political influence and visibility
Pontifex Maximus
The Battle of Actium was fought in this year.
31BC
In some cases, Spartan men would do this on the night before marriage, a practice unusual in Greece.
Spartan women married at this stage of life, later than most Greek city-states.
18-20
What are the main ethical issues to consider when studying Pompeii and Herculaneum?
Damage to historical artefacts and sites
Issues of ownership
Introduction of new technologies making it easier to protect and conserve sites.
Caesar’s marriage to Cornelia, the daughter of this powerful man, linked him to the populares faction.
Cinna
Augustus defeated these two key opponents at Actium.
Marc Antony and Cleopatra
Augustus used these as tools of propaganda to glorify his achievements and legitimize his rule.
coins, monuments, and literature
According to Plutarch, Spartans used currency made from this material to discourage greed and trade.
Iron (bars called pelanors)
The main burial site in Pompeii
The Necropolis outside the Herculaneum Gate
Caesar's political alliance with this wealthy person helped promote his career early on. They later became part of the First Triumvirate
Marcus Licinius Crassus
Augustus' childhood friend who continued to play a significant role in his life and career
Agrippa
Who are the key personal relationships in Julius Caesar's life?
Cleopatra
Marc Antony
Cicero
Julia
Pompey
Crassus
Cornelia
Pompeia
his group of free non-citizens handled trade and craft production for Sparta.
Perioikoi
These public spaces in Pompeii were used for socialising, shopping, and conducting business.
Forum
Caesar gained military experience and wealth while serving as governor here in 61 BCE.
Spain (Hispania Ulterior)
Augustus reformed Rome’s economy and taxation, creating this system to manage revenues efficiently.
Provincial tax system
These smaller dwellings housed multiple families or shops and were common for lower-class residents.
Insulae/apartments
What evidence is there of leisure activities in ancient Sparta?
Accounts of Xenophon and Plutarch discussing the athletics and physical training of both men and women in Sparta
Laconian pottery shows scenes of dancing, athletics, and music.
The Gymnopaedia Festival which involved dancing, singing, and athletic displays, with inscriptions and later accounts confirming its importance.
Tombs along the Street of Tombs were often marked with these inscriptions showing the deceased’s name and achievements.
Epitaphs
Which sources can be used when looking at different interpretations of Julius Caesar?
Julius Caesar
Cicero
Plutarch
Suetonius
Shakespeare
Theodore Mommsen
Michael Grant
This famous battle secured Augustus’ control over Rome and allowed him to implement his military reforms.
Battle of Actium
Augustus initiated this program to beautify Rome and provide jobs, famously saying he “found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble.”
Augustan building program/urban renewal/public works