Unit 4 Practice Test

MCQ on New World

100

 

What does Columbus’s journal entry imply about the state of European geographic knowledge in 1492?

Ⓐ There was significant uncertainty and limited knowledge about the Atlantic and its surrounding lands

ⓑ Europeans had a comprehensive understanding of the Atlantic Ocean and the Americas

ⓒ European explorers had accurate maps of the Americas but lacked detailed knowledge of ocean currents

ⓓ The primary focus of European exploration was to find direct trade routes to Asia, with little interest in new lands

 

What does Columbus’s journal entry imply about the state of European geographic knowledge in 1492?

Ⓐ There was significant uncertainty and limited knowledge about the Atlantic and its surrounding lands

ⓑ Europeans had a comprehensive understanding of the Atlantic Ocean and the Americas

ⓒ European explorers had accurate maps of the Americas but lacked detailed knowledge of ocean currents

ⓓ The primary focus of European exploration was to find direct trade routes to Asia, with little interest in new lands

200

 

Which of the following historical events would best support the author’s claim regarding who were the “first to fall victim”?

ⓐ The spread of smallpox in Afro-Eurasia between the years 600 BCE–600 CE

ⓑ The enslavement of ⅓ of the Roman population in the classical era

ⓒ The forced migration of slaves across the Atlantic between the years 450 CE–1750 CE

ⓓ The spread of epidemic diseases in the Americas between the years 1450 CE–1750 CE

 

Which of the following historical events would best support the author’s claim regarding who were the “first to fall victim”?

ⓐ The spread of smallpox in Afro-Eurasia between the years 600 BCE–600 CE

ⓑ The enslavement of ⅓ of the Roman population in the classical era

ⓒ The forced migration of slaves across the Atlantic between the years 450 CE–1750 CE

ⓓ The spread of epidemic diseases in the Americas between the years 1450 CE–1750 CE

300

Based on the passage, what is the main reason Alfred Crosby gives for the devastating impact of epidemics on American Indian populations?

A. European settlers intentionally introduced diseases to control indigenous populations.
B. The American Indians lacked proper medical technology to fight new diseases.
C. Long-term geographic isolation left American Indians genetically unexposed to a wide range of global diseases.
D. Climate changes in the Americas made native populations more susceptible to illness.

A. European settlers intentionally introduced diseases to control indigenous populations.
B. The American Indians lacked proper medical technology to fight new diseases.
C. Long-term geographic isolation left American Indians genetically unexposed to a wide range of global diseases.
D. Climate changes in the Americas made native populations more susceptible to illness.

400

 

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his claim that the arrival of the Spanish “destroyed our people”?

ⓐ The Spanish spread infectious disease among the Maya.

ⓑ The Spanish conquered all Maya towns.

ⓒ Maya people became poor.

ⓓ The Spanish assassinated the king’s eldest son.

 

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his claim that the arrival of the Spanish “destroyed our people”?

ⓐ The Spanish spread infectious disease among the Maya.

ⓑ The Spanish conquered all Maya towns.

ⓒ Maya people became poor.

ⓓ The Spanish assassinated the king’s eldest son.

500

The production of the mines most directly contributed to which of the following in the period 1450-1750? 

ⓐ The prosecution of a variety of wars by the Spanish 

ⓑ The development of a vibrant merchant class

ⓒ A decrease in patronage of religious activities by the monarchs of Spain

ⓓ A decrease in the frequency of voyages of exploration undertaken by the Spanish

The production of the mines most directly contributed to which of the following in the period 1450-1750? 

ⓐ The prosecution of a variety of wars by the Spanish

ⓑ The development of a vibrant merchant class

ⓒ A decrease in patronage of religious activities by the monarchs of Spain

ⓓ A decrease in the frequency of voyages of exploration undertaken by the Spanish

SAQ Set 1

100

“The classic narrative [of the Columbian encounter] can be summarized as follows: At the end of the fifteenth century Christopher Columbus discovered America, adding to the world two continents populated sparsely with ‘savages.’. . . . Then the conquistadores, few in number but courageous, conquered the Amerindian civilizations, which, for all their temples and gold, were evidently no more than paper tigers. . . . British, French, Dutch, and other European soldiers, merchants, and settlers did much the same thing in those parts of the New World not yet claimed by the Iberians. The history of the New World subsequently became the struggle of European imperialist powers for domination, and Amerindians ceased to be important. . . .

[A new generation of historians, however, took] a fresh look at the origins of European imperialism, [examining] perhaps elements less dramatic than gold and God and heroes. . . . [According to these historians], in 1492 two systems, one of the Old World and the other of the New World, collided. The Old World peoples had some distinct advantages in the biological competition that followed. . . . The decisive advantage of the [European] invaders of America was not their plants or animals—and certainly not their muskets and rifles, which Amerindians eventually obtained in quantity—but their diseases. . . . These were the most lethal of the invaders of the New World in the sixteenth century.”

Alfred Crosby, United States historian, academic paper published in 1993

Describe ONE way the “biological competition” referred to in the second paragraph contributed to European imperialism in the Americas.

· Europeans were able to conquer vast areas in the Americas because some of the infectious diseases that they brought with them decimated the native populations.

· European colonizers were able to enjoy high yields and significant increases in agricultural productivity across the recently conquered territories.

· American crops such as maize, potatoes, and sweet potatoes became important to the agriculture of Afro-Eurasia, contributing to demographic growth that in turn fueled higher levels of free and coerced migration to the Americas.

· Europeans benefited not only from the existence of new crops in the New World but also from the agricultural and culinary expertise accumulated by the natives that originally domesticated those crops and facilitated their adaptation to a vast array of growing conditions throughout the Americas.

· Europeans benefited disproportionally from the agricultural expertise that African slaves brought with them, as evidenced by the success of rice cultivation in all major plantation zones of the Americas.

· The depopulation caused by the spread of European diseases among the natives allowed many animals, such as bison and deer, to increase their numbers in some locations, creating an overabundance of game animals for European hunters.

· Livestock from the Eastern Hemisphere, such as cattle, horses, goats, and pigs, became extremely successful in the Western Hemisphere, because upon their introduction they did not have to face natural competitors, predators, or diseases, so European colonizers were able to enjoy the benefits of a diet richer in animal protein.

200

“The classic narrative [of the Columbian encounter] can be summarized as follows: At the end of the fifteenth century Christopher Columbus discovered America, adding to the world two continents populated sparsely with ‘savages.’. . . . Then the conquistadores, few in number but courageous, conquered the Amerindian civilizations, which, for all their temples and gold, were evidently no more than paper tigers. . . . British, French, Dutch, and other European soldiers, merchants, and settlers did much the same thing in those parts of the New World not yet claimed by the Iberians. The history of the New World subsequently became the struggle of European imperialist powers for domination, and Amerindians ceased to be important. . . .

[A new generation of historians, however, took] a fresh look at the origins of European imperialism, [examining] perhaps elements less dramatic than gold and God and heroes. . . . [According to these historians], in 1492 two systems, one of the Old World and the other of the New World, collided. The Old World peoples had some distinct advantages in the biological competition that followed. . . . The decisive advantage of the [European] invaders of America was not their plants or animals—and certainly not their muskets and rifles, which Amerindians eventually obtained in quantity—but their diseases. . . . These were the most lethal of the invaders of the New World in the sixteenth century.”

Alfred Crosby, United States historian, academic paper published in 1993

Explain ONE development in the sixteenth century that would support the arguments of the “new generation of historians” in the second paragraph.

· One development that would support the arguments of the new generation of historians is that Old World diseases transferred to the Americas included some diseases that had particularly high rates of infection and mortality among Amerindian populations, such as smallpox and malaria, which allowed the Europeans to carry out their conquests with much less resistance.

· The Columbian Exchange involved not only the transfer of pathogens but also the transfer of disease carriers such as mosquitos and rats. These species further increased the demographic impact of the diseases in large part because the imported animals had few natural predators to stop their populations from rapidly expanding in the Americas.

· While Europeans’ weapons gave Europeans a decisive edge over Amerindian opponents, the epidemics of Old World diseases were more important in weakening Amerindian states and societies and lessening their ability to fight back against the Europeans because these diseases greatly reduced the numbers of Amerindians who could resist European expansion.

· New generations of historians could cite European sources from the sixteenth century because these sources uniformly describe the great mortality and suffering that disease epidemics inflicted on Amerindian societies.

· One piece of evidence that would support the arguments of the “new generation of historians” about the importance of biological factors in the European conquest of the Americas is the fact that many Amerindian societies are known to have interpreted the sudden outbreaks of devastating new diseases after the European contact as a sign of punishment from the gods, or of divine forces favoring the Europeans.

300

“The seventeenth century saw the heyday of the [European] East India Companies. They became an inevitable part of the politics and economy of South India, finding their way into the society and even the vocabulary of the local people. The ‘kumbini’,* as the local populace called it, was not to be ignored. As with the rest [of the population], the spinners and weavers, the washers, the dyers and the once powerful textile-merchant guilds had their links with the company [warehouses]. Of course there were also those merchants and weavers who operated independently of the company, but their proportion was small.

With the establishment of the rival European companies in the seventeenth century, the lives of the weavers [of South India] no longer revolved around the temple but around the European [warehouses] and the towns [on the outskirts of European trading posts]. The weavers gradually began losing their bargaining power and independence. . . . Their creativity also suffered since they were compelled to copy mechanically the [designs] provided to them [by the companies’ officials]. Economically they were much worse off.”

*a Tamil pronunciation of the word “company”

Vijaya Ramaswamy, Indian historian, book published in 1985

Describe ONE reason why European trading companies “became an inevitable part of the politics and economy of South India” and other regions of Asia in the period 1450–1750.

· One reason European trading companies became an inevitable part of the politics and economy of South India and other parts of Asia between 1450 and 1750 was their control over maritime trade routes and access to global markets. By establishing fortified trading posts and forming powerful joint-stock companies like the Dutch and British East India Companies, Europeans gained dominance in sea trade, which local rulers and merchants came to rely on for both revenue and military support. This integration into long-distance trade networks made European companies essential intermediaries in the regional economy and political power struggles.

· European trading companies became an inevitable part of the politics and economy of South India and other regions of Asia during 1450–1750 was their use of military force to secure trading rights and territorial control. These companies, especially the British and Dutch East India Companies, maintained private armies and navies, which they used to influence or coerce local rulers into granting favorable trade terms, monopolies, or land. Over time, this military presence allowed them to interfere in regional conflicts, support allies, and eventually take on governing roles, deeply entrenching them in both political and economic systems.

400

“The castle at Elmina* has justly become famous for its beauty and strength and has no equal on the Gulf of Guinea. The castle’s garrison typically consists of one hundred Europeans and perhaps as many black African soldiers, all of whom are in the Dutch West India Company’s pay.

This castle was brought to its perfect state under the Dutch West India Company after they captured it from the Portuguese in 1637, and they found in it thirty good pieces of brass cannon, large amounts of gunpowder, and a great deal of other ammunition. It was not nearly as strong nor as beautiful when the Portuguese controlled it. Now it looks as if it had been made for a king than for a trading-post in Africa. This proves that the Dutch are the most curious and the most fit to make settlements abroad of all European nations, because they spare neither time, nor money, nor labor in their undertakings.

The Dutch attempted to use their control over the castle to monopolize trade along the West African coast. I was told that the Dutch used to export much gold and roughly eight thousand slaves, most of whom were sent to the Dutch island of Curacao in the Caribbean, from where the Spaniards purchase the slaves. The Dutch also export from West Africa vast quantities of wax, pepper, red wood, cloths, and other goods.”

Jean Barbot, French Protestant and agent of the chartered Senegal Company (Compagnie du Sénégal), book describing his travels in West Africa, written circa 1682

Describe the broader historical situation in Africa at the time that Jean Barbot wrote his book.

· Portuguese maritime exploration and colonization in coastal West Africa had led to the creation of a trading post empire, which in time became a target for the commercial and colonial ambitions of other European states and commercial companies, such as the one that employed Barbot.

· Many chartered companies created by European rulers to compete with each other operated in Africa.

· Slavery was a well-established institution in many African societies, and African slaves had been exported to the other regions for several centuries.

· European commercial interests in Africa included slaves but also gold spices, cloth, and tropical products. These had previously been traded to Europe via the trans-Saharan trade networks but, by the seventeenth century, Europeans had established direct maritime routes to the sources of these goods in West Africa.

500

“The castle at Elmina* has justly become famous for its beauty and strength and has no equal on the Gulf of Guinea. The castle’s garrison typically consists of one hundred Europeans and perhaps as many black African soldiers, all of whom are in the Dutch West India Company’s pay.

This castle was brought to its perfect state under the Dutch West India Company after they captured it from the Portuguese in 1637, and they found in it thirty good pieces of brass cannon, large amounts of gunpowder, and a great deal of other ammunition. It was not nearly as strong nor as beautiful when the Portuguese controlled it. Now it looks as if it had been made for a king than for a trading-post in Africa. This proves that the Dutch are the most curious and the most fit to make settlements abroad of all European nations, because they spare neither time, nor money, nor labor in their undertakings.

The Dutch attempted to use their control over the castle to monopolize trade along the West African coast. I was told that the Dutch used to export much gold and roughly eight thousand slaves, most of whom were sent to the Dutch island of Curacao in the Caribbean, from where the Spaniards purchase the slaves. The Dutch also export from West Africa vast quantities of wax, pepper, red wood, cloths, and other goods.”

Jean Barbot, French Protestant and agent of the chartered Senegal Company (Compagnie du Sénégal), book describing his travels in West Africa, written circa 1682

Explain ONE way in which the passage illustrates the continuing development of the Atlantic in the seventeenth century.

· The Atlantic system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and labor between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. The passage shows the continuing development of the Atlantic system by describing the Dutch using the West African trading post of Elmina to export slaves to a Dutch-controlled island in the Caribbean, where they were sold to Spanish slave holders, presumably with silver mined from the Spanish American colonies. 

· The demand for slaves in the Americas in the seventeenth century was driven primarily by the growth of cash-crop-driven plantation economies on Caribbean islands and in parts of mainland South and Central America. 

· African chattel slavery was one of several forms of coerced labor in the Americas, but it was rapidly gaining in importance as other sources of labor were becoming scarcer. 

· Although the passage does not specify the destination for which the Dutch exported “vast quantities of wax, pepper, red wood, cloths, and other goods” from Elmina, it can be reasonably inferred that these goods were being exported to Europe, making them part of the Atlantic system. 

· Elmina had been the most important Portuguese trading post in West Africa and continued to be a major entrepôt in the African slave trade after the Dutch took control of it in 1637.

MCQ on Indian Ocean

100

Based on the excerpt, which of the following best describes Columbus’s initial approach to exploration?

ⓐ Reliance on advanced navigational instruments and maps

ⓑ Use of indigenous guides and knowledge of local territories

ⓒ Observation of natural signs and materials for indications of land

ⓓ Focus on establishing immediate trade relations with local populations

Based on the excerpt, which of the following best describes Columbus’s initial approach to exploration?

ⓐ Reliance on advanced navigational instruments and maps

ⓑ Use of indigenous guides and knowledge of local territories

ⓒ Observation of natural signs and materials for indications of land

ⓓ Focus on establishing immediate trade relations with local populations

200

 

The author’s claim that the Spanish inhabitants of Manila act as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico can best be described as a reference to which of the following?

ⓐ The cultural connections between regions created by Catholic religious orders, such as the Jesuits

ⓑ The mercantilist trade regulations enforced by Spanish colonial authorities

ⓒ The differences between the administrative framework of European trading post empires and settler empires

ⓓ The resentment of colonial-born Spanish Creole populations against their second-class status in imperial societies

 

The author’s claim that the Spanish inhabitants of Manila act as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico can best be described as a reference to which of the following?

ⓐ The cultural connections between regions created by Catholic religious orders, such as the Jesuits

ⓑ The mercantilist trade regulations enforced by Spanish colonial authorities

ⓒ The differences between the administrative framework of European trading post empires and settler empires

ⓓ The resentment of colonial-born Spanish Creole populations against their second-class status in imperial societies

300

 

The material used to create the plaque best reflects which of the following historical situations in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1450–1750 ?

ⓐ Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods.

ⓑ European luxury goods became increasingly popular among Asian populations in the region.

ⓒ Natural resources from the Americas allowed Asian producers to diversify the products they sold to European merchants.

ⓓ European artisans in the region increasingly copied Islamic and Indian styles in their artistic productions.

 

The material used to create the plaque best reflects which of the following historical situations in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1450–1750 ?

ⓐ Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods.

ⓑ European luxury goods became increasingly popular among Asian populations in the region.

ⓒ Natural resources from the Americas allowed Asian producers to diversify the products they sold to European merchants.

ⓓ European artisans in the region increasingly copied Islamic and Indian styles in their artistic productions.

400

 

 

Describe a reason why European trading companies “became an inevitable part of the politics and economy of South India” and other regions of Asia in the period 1450–1750.

ⓐ Motivated by mercantilism and desire for Asian goods, European rulers during 15th to 18th centuries formulated joint-stock trading companies to manage commercial production and distribution in some areas under their colonial control, such as India.

ⓑ Motivated by mercantilism and hereditary slavery, European rulers during 15th to 18th centuries established trading posts around Africa to establish the Middle Passage, which manage commercial production and distribution of the Indian Ocean Trade.

ⓒ Motivated by mercantilism and religious zeal, European rulers during 15th to 18th centuries established trading posts around the world  to evangelize the natives, which established coerced labor systems, such as the encomienda system, which assisted with the commercial production and distribution of the Columbian exchange.

ⓓ Motivated by intense rivalries between different stated, Europeans sought to transform their economic systems by establishing routes to get to Oceania. If controlled, Oceania, a key source of silver, could give the European countries the financial leg up over their competitors. 

 

Describe a reason why European trading companies “became an inevitable part of the politics and economy of South India” and other regions of Asia in the period 1450–1750.

ⓐ Motivated by mercantilism and desire for Asian goods, European rulers during 15th to 18th centuries formulated joint-stock trading companies to manage commercial production and distribution in some areas under their colonial control, such as India.

ⓑ Motivated by mercantilism and hereditary slavery, European rulers during 15th to 18th centuries established trading posts around Africa to establish the Middle Passage, which manage commercial production and distribution of the Indian Ocean Trade.

ⓒ Motivated by mercantilism and religious zeal, European rulers during 15th to 18th centuries established trading posts around the world  to evangelize the natives, which established coerced labor systems, such as the encomienda system, which assisted with the commercial production and distribution of the Columbian exchange.

ⓓ Motivated by intense rivalries between different stated, Europeans sought to transform their economic systems by establishing routes to get to Oceania. If controlled, Oceania, a key source of silver, could give the European countries the financial leg up over their competitors. 

500

“To Your Highnesses of the States General:*

We have been informed by our agent Joris Pietersen, who recently returned from the coast of Angola, that a war arose between the king of Kongo and the Portuguese. The war started because the Portuguese, according to their nature, attacked the region of Mpemba, which the king of Kongo also claims, without any reason but to enslave the inhabitants and conquer the entire country. In this war, the king of Kongo’s armies performed so well that all of the Portuguese were driven out of the conquered region with many losses. After this victory, the king took the hats and shoes of all captured Portuguese soldiers as a sign of contempt and took the sails and rudders off their two ships that were anchored off Mpemba.

Then the king of Kongo, being of the opinion that all the Portuguese should be driven off his lands forever, sent letters to Joris Pietersen, our agent in Angola, requesting to enter into an alliance with the Dutch state and asking your Highnesses to provide them with four or five warships as well as five or six hundred soldiers for assistance on the water as well as the land, in order that he might secure the coasts from the Portuguese and their supporters. The king is offering to pay for the ships and the monthly wages of the soldiers with gold, silver, or ivory. If successful, he promises to put into your hands the fort and city of Luanda—a place so useful to the king of Spain that more than twenty-four thousand Africans are shipped annually from there to the West-Indies and other places in the Americas.

Your Highnesses, it is the Company’s judgment that the king of Kongo’s proposal will likely bring harm to our enemies and increase our commerce. Therefore, if the king’s proposal is accepted, the Company will contribute according to its capacity.”

Letter from the directors of the Dutch West India Company to the States General of the Netherlands, 1623

 

The point of view expressed by the Dutch West India Company’s directors in the letter can best be described as

ⓐ evenhanded in describing the benefits and detriments of various proposed options to the States General

ⓑ shaped by views of European cultural and religious superiority over African peoples, which the States General representatives would have been likely to share

ⓒ dismissive in its evaluation of the military and strategic importance of the kingdom of Kongo to the Netherlands

Ⓓ seeking to steer the States General representatives into taking action that would benefit the company financially

 

The point of view expressed by the Dutch West India Company’s directors in the letter can best be described as

ⓐ evenhanded in describing the benefits and detriments of various proposed options to the States General

ⓑ shaped by views of European cultural and religious superiority over African peoples, which the States General representatives would have been likely to share

ⓒ dismissive in its evaluation of the military and strategic importance of the kingdom of Kongo to the Netherlands

Ⓓ seeking to steer the States General representatives into taking action that would benefit the company financially

MCQ on Institutions

100

 

Which of the following developments in the period 1450–1750 is best understood as a response to the trends shown in the table?

ⓐ The creation of divine-right theories of monarchy

ⓑ The creation of larger state bureaucracies

ⓒ The emergence of tribute collection as a form of taxation

ⓓ The emergence of banking systems

Which of the following developments in the period 1450–1750 is best understood as a response to the trends shown in the table?

ⓐ The creation of divine-right theories of monarchy

ⓑ The creation of larger state bureaucracies

ⓒ The emergence of tribute collection as a form of taxation

ⓓ The emergence of banking systems

200

"Many of those slaves we transport from Guinea to America are prepossessed with the opinion, that they are carried like sheep to slaughter, and that the Europeans are fond of their flesh; which notions so far prevails with some, as to make them fall into a deep melancholy and despair, and to refuse all sustenance, tho'never so much compelled and even beaten to oblige them to take some nourishment: not withstanding all which, they will starve to death; whereof I have had several instances in my own slaves both abroad and at Guadalupe" John Barbot, "Some Memoirs of the Life of Jon, and Son of Solomon." In Thomas Astley and John Churchill, eds., Collection of Voyages and Travels (London, 1732).

Barbot's account is best understood in the context of which of the following?

A. The colonization of South America

B. The Development of North African Trade Networks

C. The dominance of French colonial holdings in the Americas

D. The transatlantic exchange of people, crops, animals, goods, and technology

Barbot's account is best understood in the context of which of the following?

A. The colonization of South America

B. The Development of North African Trade Networks

C. The dominance of French colonial holdings in the Americas

D. The transatlantic exchange of people, crops, animals, goods, and technology

300

"Many of those slaves we transport from Guinea to America are prepossessed with the opinion, that they are carried like sheep to slaughter, and that the Europeans are fond of their flesh; which notions so far prevails with some, as to make them fall into a deep melancholy and despair, and to refuse all sustenance, tho'never so much compelled and even beaten to oblige them to take some nourishment: not withstanding all which, they will starve to death; whereof I have had several instances in my own slaves both abroad and at Guadalupe" John Barbot, "Some Memoirs of the Life of Jon, and Son of Solomon." In Thomas Astley and John Churchill, eds., Collection of Voyages and Travels (London, 1732).

The need for labor during the Age of Exploration was most directly a consequence of which of the following?

A. The difficulty growing food in the Americas

B. The lack of automated industrial technology

C. The introduction of sugar crops to the New World

D. The discovery of gold deposits in the Americas

The need for labor during the Age of Exploration was most directly a consequence of which of the following?

A. The difficulty growing food in the Americas

B. The lack of automated industrial technology

C. The introduction of sugar crops to the New World

D. The discovery of gold deposits in the Americas

400

"Many of those slaves we transport from Guinea to America are prepossessed with the opinion, that they are carried like sheep to slaughter, and that the Europeans are fond of their flesh; which notions so far prevails with some, as to make them fall into a deep melancholy and despair, and to refuse all sustenance, tho'never so much compelled and even beaten to oblige them to take some nourishment: not withstanding all which, they will starve to death; whereof I have had several instances in my own slaves both abroad and at Guadalupe" John Barbot, "Some Memoirs of the Life of Jon, and Son of Solomon." In Thomas Astley and John Churchill, eds., Collection of Voyages and Travels (London, 1732).

Which of the following was an important continuity underlying the interaction described in the passage?

A. The use of violence to create and maintain European colonies.

B. Widespread opposition to the slave trade 

C. The mutually beneficial relationship between laborers and manufacturers

D. The cooperation between European colonizers and Native American populations.

Which of the following was an important continuity underlying the interaction described in the passage?

A. The use of violence to create and maintain European colonies.

B. Widespread opposition to the slave trade 

C. The mutually beneficial relationship between laborers and manufacturers

D. The cooperation between European colonizers and Native American populations.

500

"Many of those slaves we transport from Guinea to America are prepossessed with the opinion, that they are carried like sheep to slaughter, and that the Europeans are fond of their flesh; which notions so far prevails with some, as to make them fall into a deep melancholy and despair, and to refuse all sustenance, tho'never so much compelled and even beaten to oblige them to take some nourishment: not withstanding all which, they will starve to death; whereof I have had several instances in my own slaves both abroad and at Guadalupe" John Barbot, "Some Memoirs of the Life of Jon, and Son of Solomon." In Thomas Astley and John Churchill, eds., Collection of Voyages and Travels (London, 1732).

Which of the following additional pieces of information would be most directly useful in assessing the extent to which Barbot's account was representative of most examples of human trafficking during the 18th century?

A. A list of the most common ports used for slave trade

B. Statistics regarding survival rates of enslaved people during the Age of Exploration

C. Laws regarding human trafficking in the 18th century

D. Maps that portray the routes of different slave ships.

"Many of those slaves we transport from Guinea to America are prepossessed with the opinion, that they are carried like sheep to slaughter, and that the Europeans are fond of their flesh; which notions so far prevails with some, as to make them fall into a deep melancholy and despair, and to refuse all sustenance, tho'never so much compelled and even beaten to oblige them to take some nourishment: not withstanding all which, they will starve to death; whereof I have had several instances in my own slaves both abroad and at Guadalupe" John Barbot, "Some Memoirs of the Life of Jon, and Son of Solomon." In Thomas Astley and John Churchill, eds., Collection of Voyages and Travels (London, 1732).

Which of the following additional pieces of information would be most directly useful in assessing the extent to which Barbot's account was representative of most examples of human trafficking during the 18th century?

A. A list of the most common ports used for slave trade

B. Statistics regarding survival rates of enslaved people during the Age of Exploration

C. Laws regarding human trafficking in the 18th century

D. Maps that portray the routes of different slave ships.

SAQ Set 2

100

a. Identify ONE technological development that facilitated European transoceanic exploration between 1450 and 1750.

b. Explain ONE way this development contributed to the expansion of European maritime empires.

c. Explain ONE economic or cultural impact of European maritime exploration on the Americas or Africa during this period.

One key technological development that facilitated European transoceanic exploration between 1450 and 1750 was the caravel, a small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed by the Portuguese.The caravel’s ability to sail against the wind (due to its lateen sails) and navigate open oceans allowed European explorers to travel farther and more safely. This enabled countries like Portugal and Spain to explore and claim overseas territories, leading to the establishment of vast maritime empires in Africa, Asia, and the Americas.One major economic impact of European maritime exploration on the Americas was the Columbian Exchange, which brought European crops, animals, and technologies to the New World while exporting American resources like silver, tobacco, and maize to Europe.

200

Identify ONE political or economic factor in the period 1450 and 1750 that accounts for the production of maps like the one shown above

Identify and explain ONE transportation technology or commercial practice that was a cause for the production maps like the one shown above.

Identify and explain ONE political effect in the period 1450 and 1750 of the growth of interregional and transoceanic trade

One economic factor that accounts for the production of Portuguese maps during 1450–1750 was the desire to control and profit from trade routes, especially those leading to Asia and Africa. One transportation technology that led to the production of maps was the astrolabe. The astrolabe allowed sailors to determine latitude while at sea, improving long-distance navigation. One major political effect of the growth in interregional and transoceanic trade was the rise of powerful maritime empires, such as Portugal and Spain.

300

a. Identify ONE biological exchange between the Old World and the New World as a result of the Columbian Exchange.

b. Explain ONE demographic or environmental effect of this exchange on the Americas.

c. Explain ONE economic or demographic effect of the Columbian Exchange on Afro-Eurasia.

a. One biological exchange from the Old World to the New World as a result of the Columbian Exchange was the introduction of horses.

b. One environmental effect of the introduction of horses to the Americas was the transformation of Native American societies, especially on the Great Plains, where horses revolutionized hunting and warfare, making bison hunting more efficient and enabling greater mobility for nomadic tribes.

c. One economic effect of the Columbian Exchange on Afro-Eurasia was the introduction of New World crops such as potatoes and maize, which became staple foods in parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia. This led to increased agricultural productivity and contributed to population growth in Europe and parts of Asia due to improved nutrition.

400

1. Name one trading post established in the Indian Ocean.

2. Describe the difference between the trading-post empire established by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean and the colonies they established in the New World.

Goa, on the west coast of India, was a major Portuguese trading post established in 1510. The Portuguese trading-post empire in the Indian Ocean focused on controlling trade routes and key ports to dominate commerce, especially in spices. They did not seek to control large inland territories or settle large populations. Instead, they established forts and outposts at strategic coastal locations like Goa, Malacca, and Hormuz to collect taxes and regulate trade.

500

a. Identify ONE region that became a major source of silver between 1450 and 1750.

b. Explain ONE way silver affected global trade during this period.

c. Explain ONE consequence of silver trade.

a. One region that became a major source of silver between 1450 and 1750 was New Spain, or present day Mexico.

b. One way silver affected global trade during this period was by becoming a global currency, especially in trade with China, which demanded silver in exchange for its goods (such as silk and porcelain). This led to a flow of silver from the Americas, through Europe, and into Asia, linking global economies more tightly than before.

c. One consequence of the silver trade was the exploitation and harsh labor of Indigenous peoples in mining regions, which led to a reduced population.