Intelligence
What does IQ stand for?
Intelligence Quotient
What are the 6 different types of normality?
What are the three main categories for risk factors for psychological disorders?
2. Psychological
3. Social
What is the two-factor theories of emotion?
Emotion is the result of two components working together:
Physiological arousal – Your body reacts first (e.g., heart racing, sweating).
Cognitive interpretation – Your mind interprets the arousal based on the situation, and this labels the emotion (e.g., “I’m nervous,” “I’m excited”).
What does it mean when it says describe?
What are four different types of theories of intelligence?
Psychometric approach, Information processing approach, Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, Gardner's multiple intelligence, Coleman's emotional intelligence
What is the different between an adaptive and a maladaptive behaviour? For a bonus point, give an example for both:
Adaptive behaviours are behaviours that allow you to adapt when faced with challenges.
Maladaptive behaviours are behaviours that prevent you from coping in difficult environments
Explain what is the placebo effect within psychology?
The placebo effect occurs when a person experiences a perceived improvement in their symptoms after receiving a placebo, which is an inactive substance or treatment, such as a sugar pill or saline injection.
Emotions are the result of how we appraise or evaluate a situation.
It’s not just what happens to us or how our body reacts—it’s how we interpret the event that determines which emotion we feel.
What is Compare
What do IQ tests take into account?
Mental age of the individuals, chronological age of the individuals, logical reasoning, mental processing speed and analytical intelligence
What are symptoms associated with anxiety disorders?
Physical symptoms
Rapid heartbeat or palpitations
Shortness of breath or hyperventilation
Sweating or trembling
Muscle tension
Dizziness or lightheadedness
Nausea or upset stomach
Psychological symptoms
Excessive worry or fear about everyday situations
Feeling restless or “on edge”
Difficulty concentrating
Feeling a sense of impending doom or danger
Irritability
Behavioral symptoms
Avoidance of situations that trigger anxiety
Compulsive behaviors (in some anxiety disorders, like OCD)
Social withdrawal
Provide an example for each type of risk factors:
Biological
Psychological
Social
What part of the brain is associated with emotion?
The hypothalamus
Discriminate
What is the main key point for each test of intelligence:
Multiple intelligence
Emotional intelligence
Information Processing Theory
Psychometric approach
Sternberg's Triarchic theory of intelligence
Multiple Intelligence (Gardner) – Intelligence isn’t just one thing; people have different “modalities” like linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. The main point: everyone is smart in their own way.
Emotional Intelligence (Goleman) – The ability to recognize, understand, and manage your own emotions, as well as perceive and influence others’ emotions. Main point: being emotionally aware can be just as powerful as being book-smart.
Information Processing Theory – Focuses on how we think, learn, and solve problems rather than just measuring what we know. Main point: intelligence is about how efficiently and effectively your brain processes information.
Psychometric Approach – Measures intelligence through standardized tests (like IQ tests), often giving a single numerical score. Main point: intelligence can be quantified and compared across people.
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory – Intelligence has three components:
Analytical: problem-solving and reasoning
Creative: inventing and imagining new ideas
Practical: applying knowledge to everyday life
Main point: being smart isn’t just about logic—it’s also about creativity and real-world problem-solving.
Provide a definition for each concept of normality:
Sociocultural approach – Defines normality based on the norms, values, and expectations of a specific society or culture.
Example: Greeting someone with a kiss on the cheek may be normal in France but unusual elsewhere.
Functional approach – Defines normality in terms of a person’s ability to function effectively in daily life and fulfill roles.
Example: Being able to work, maintain relationships, and care for yourself is considered “normal functioning.”
Historical approach – Defines normality based on what was considered acceptable or typical at a particular time in history.
Example: Certain hairstyles or fashion trends may be normal in one era but strange in another.
Situational approach – Defines normality relative to the context or situation. What’s normal in one setting may not be in another.
Example: Wearing a swimsuit is normal at the beach but not in a classroom.
Medical approach – Defines normality in terms of health and the presence or absence of disease or dysfunction. Abnormality is treated like an illness or disorder.
Example: Depression or schizophrenia may be seen as medical abnormalities requiring treatment.
Statistical approach – Defines normality based on what is typical or average in a population, using numerical data.
Example: Most people have an IQ around 100; extremely high or low scores are considered statistically abnormal.
Describe the biopsychosocial approach to understanding psychological disorders
The biopsychosocial approach states that psychological disorder is affected by biological, psychological and social factors.
According to Locke, what makes goals more motivating?
High difficulty, high goal importance and more progress-related feedback
What does identify mean
Usually involves showing that you see the meaningful information in the stimulus/results/text/theory.
May include:
Usually involves less detail than describe, however it is good practice to support your identifications with evidence.
What is information processing approach and how does it differ from IQ tests
The information processing approach places focus on how our brains process, store and retrieves information. IQ focusses on comparing people's intelligence. Information processing approach focusses on defining what intelligence actually is.
What are the limitations and strengths of the DSM-V relevant to reliability and validity?
Strengths of DSM-5
Reliability: Provides clear diagnostic criteria, so different clinicians are more likely to give the same diagnosis.
Limitations of DSM-5
Validity: Some disorders may not reflect real, distinct conditions, so diagnoses may not always accurately represent the person’s mental health.
How do external rewards effect cognitive evaluation and your motivation?
When you receive a reward (like money, praise, or a prize), your brain evaluates why you’re doing the task. If you see the reward as controlling your behaviour, you might feel less internally motivated. It boosts your extrinsic motivation.
Explain
May include, depending on the wording of the question, any of:
Explanation usually includes the word ‘because.’