Section 1
Questions #1: Compare and contrast anatomy and physiology.
Anatomy is the study of body structure, while physiology is the study of how the body functions.
Questions #2: Explain how understanding anatomy and physiology would be important for a medical professional to diagnose and treat an illness.
Knowing how the body is built and works helps doctors understand problems and provide proper treatment.
Questions #3: Explain or provide an example as to why living organisms need to reproduce.
Reproduction allows organisms to continue their species and pass on their DNA.
Question #4: Arrange the following levels of organizations in the correct order: tissue, organ, chemical, organism, cellular, and organ system.
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.
Question #5: Explain how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to help maintain oxygen delivery throughout the body.
The lungs take in oxygen, which the blood carries to cells so the body can produce energy.
Question #6: Identify and list the major organs and functions of the nervous system.
The brain, spinal cord, and nerves control the body, send messages, and respond to stimuli.
Question #7: Explain how temperature has a connection to homeostasis.
Homeostasis keeps the body’s temperature stable so cells and organs can work properly.
Question #8: How does the structure of the heart, including the chambers, valves, etc., help it efficiently pump blood throughout the body?
The chambers direct blood flow in one direction, and the valves prevent it from flowing backward, making pumping efficient.
Question #9: Imagine your body temperature rises while running on a hot day. Describe how your body’s receptors, control center, and effectors work together to bring your temperature back to its normal set point.
Receptors sense the heat, the brain decides how to respond, and effectors like sweat glands cool the body back to normal.
Question #10: Imagine a doctor asks you to stand in the anatomical position. Describe how your body would look and why using this position is helpful when talking about parts of the body.
You would stand upright, face forward, arms at your sides with palms facing forward, and feet together. This makes it easier to describe body parts clearly.
Question #11: How would damage to your axial or appendicular skeleton affect your movement? Explain why this happens.
Damage to the axial skeleton affects posture and protection of organs, while damage to the appendicular skeleton limits movement of arms and legs.
Question #12: A patient has pain in the lower right part of their abdomen. Using the quadrants, which quadrant is affected, and which organs might be involved?
The right lower quadrant is affected, which includes the appendix, small intestine, and reproductive organs.
Question #13: A doctor says a patient has a fracture in the distal end of the humerus. Which part of the arm is affected, and why is “distal” used instead of “proximal”?
The distal humerus is the end near the elbow, and distal means farther from the shoulder.
Question #14: If you were to describe the abdominopelvic cavity to a friend, how would you explain the difference between the abdominal and pelvic sections?
The abdominal cavity holds organs like the stomach, liver, and intestines, while the pelvic cavity holds the bladder, reproductive organs, and part of the large intestine.
Question #15: Prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, just like eukaryotic cells. Explain your answer.
No, prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles. Only eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles surrounded by membranes.
Question #16: Imagine a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. Predict what will happen to the cell’s water content and explain why.
Water will leave the cell, and the cell will shrink because water moves toward higher solute concentration.
Question #17: Compare and contrast how the functions of the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum differ.
Rough ER has ribosomes and makes proteins, while smooth ER makes lipids and helps detoxify substances.
Question #18: Imagine a cell that has damaged mitochondria. How would this affect the cell’s energy production and overall function?
The cell would produce less ATP and might not have enough energy to function properly.
Question #19: What is the primary role of chromatin in the nucleus, and why is it important during cell division?
Chromatin stores DNA and organizes it so it can be copied and passed to new cells.
Question #20: If cell connections between epithelial cells were damaged, what might happen to the tissue?
The tissue could lose strength or leak, making it less protective.
Question #21: List two bones in the axial skeleton and two in the appendicular skeleton. Explain why each is classified that way.
Axial: skull and vertebrae because they protect organs and support the body’s axis. Appendicular: femur and humerus because they help move arms and legs.
Question #22: If a cell membrane became impermeable to water, what would happen to the cell during osmosis?
Water could not move in or out, which would disturb the cell’s balance and could cause damage.
Question #23: A cell has a malfunctioning Golgi apparatus. How would this affect the production and transport of proteins in the cell?
Proteins would not be properly modified or delivered to where they are needed, which could disrupt cell function.
Question #24: Imagine a cell is preparing to divide. How does the chromatin change during this process, and why is this change important for the cell?
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes so the DNA can be accurately copied and divided.
Question #25: A person has difficulty breathing and low oxygen levels in their blood. Which two organ systems are most directly involved, and how do they work together to fix this problem?
The respiratory system brings in oxygen, and the circulatory system carries it to the cells to restore oxygen levels.