Key Terms
The process of moving from farms to cities, which happened rapidly during this period.
What is Urbanization
He invented the steel plow, which was a major improvement for agriculture.
Who is John Deere?
The Industrial Revolution began in this country, which was rich in coal and iron ore.
What is Great Britain?
An advantage of the factory system was the ability to produce goods on a large scale.
What is mass production?
Rapid urbanization led to this problem in housing.
What is overcrowding?
This economic system is characterized by private ownership of factories and businesses for profit.
What is Capitalism?
He designed the first commercially successful steamboat, revolutionizing travel and trade on the water.
Who is Robert Fulton?
This fossil fuel was the primary power source for the steam engines that ran factories and trains.
What is coal?
Factory owners often preferred to hire women and children for this reason.
What is that they could be paid lower wages?
This new and growing social class consisted of professionals, merchants, and business managers.
What is the Middle Class?
A French term meaning "let it be," this doctrine opposes government interference in the economy.
What is Laissez-faire?
He invented the cotton gin and also developed the crucial manufacturing concept of interchangeable parts.
Who is Eli Whitney?
The development of the steamboat and steam locomotive had this major impact on this.
What is transportation?
The average workday for a factory worker, including women and children, was this long.
What is 12-16 hours?
Poor sanitation in overcrowded cities often led to the rapid spread of these.
What are diseases?
These laws in Great Britain allowed landowners to fence off common land, creating a large, mobile workforce.
What are the Enclosure Acts?
This inventor perfected the steam engine, creating the crucial power source for factories and new transportation.
Who is James Watt?
The Enclosure Acts were a key factor in this major demographic shift.
What is the population shift from rural areas to urban centers?
In response to harsh working conditions, governments eventually passed these to protect workers.
What are new laws (for safety, shorter hours, etc.)?
Factories polluted the air and water, leading to these unhealthy conditions.
What is pollution?
Developed in response to the inequalities of capitalism, this theory advocates for collective or government ownership of production.
What is Socialism?
This machine revolutionized the textile industry by rapidly separating seeds from cotton fiber.
What is the cotton gin?
This new social structure emerged, with wealthy industrialists at the top and factory workers at the bottom.
What are the new social classes (Upper, Middle, and Working Class)?
This system of production, where individuals worked at home, was replaced by the factory system.
What is the domestic system?
This largest social class consisted of people who worked in the factories and mines.
What is the Working Class?