Bones
What are the four types of bones found in the human skeleton?
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Identify the different types of muscle tissue.
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Define a joint and distinguish between different types based on movement.
A joint is a connection between two bones. Types include:Fibrous (immovable) Cartilaginous (slightly movable) Synovial (freely movable)
Explain concentric, eccentric, and isometric muscle contractions.
Concentric contraction: Muscle shortens while generating force.
Eccentric contraction: Muscle lengthens while generating force.
Isometric contraction: Muscle generates force without changing length.
Define kinetics and kinematics.
Kinetics: Study of forces acting on a body.
Kinematics: Study of motion without considering forces.
Describe the anatomy and function of the axial skeleton.
The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. Its primary function is to support the central axis of the body and protect the brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs.
Explain the general characteristics that are common to muscle tissue. (What they do..)
Contractility
Excitability
Extensibility
Elasticity
What are the key features of a synovial joint.
Joint cavity, Synovial fluid, Articular cartilage, Joint capsule
Analyze the roles of muscles during joint actions.
Muscles work in pairs during joint actions, with one muscle (agonist) contracting while the other (antagonist) relaxes, allowing for coordinated movement.
State Newton’s three laws of motion.
1st An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a force. Law of inertia)
2nd Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma). (Law of acceleration)
3rd For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Outline the features of a long bone and label its different parts.
Diaphysis (shaft)
Epiphysis (ends)
Articular cartilage
Periosteum (outer lining)
Medullary cavity (inner space containing marrow)
Identify the main structures of skeletal muscle.
Muscle fibers (cells)
Myofibrils (subunits within fibers)
Sarcomeres (functional units of contraction)
Connective tissue sheaths (epimysium, perimysium, endomysium)
Identify and give examples of the different types of synovial joints.
Hinge joints (e.g., elbow)
Ball-and-socket joints (e.g., shoulder)
Pivot joints (e.g., neck)
Saddle joints (e.g., thumb)
Plane joints (e.g., wrist)
Describe how motor units are innervated to create muscle forces.
Motor units are innervated by action potentials from motoneurons, which stimulate muscle fibers to contract, creating force.
How does Newton’s laws of motion apply in a specific sport or exercise. ex. soccer
by analyzing how forces affect performance, such as improving speed or stability during movement.
What are the functions of cartilage, tendons, and ligaments?
Cartilage: Provides cushioning and support at joints, reduces friction.
Tendons: Connect muscles to bones, enabling movement.
Ligaments: Connect bones to other bones, stabilizing joints.
Define the origin and insertion of a muscle, and identify these for a selection of muscles.
The origin of a muscle is the fixed attachment (usually proximal), while the insertion is the movable attachment (usually distal). For example, the biceps brachii has its origin at the scapula and insertion at the radius.
What is the significance of joint stability and flexibility?
Joint stability is crucial for preventing injuries and allowing for controlled movement, while joint flexibility enables movement for various activities.
Explain the sliding filament theory of muscular contraction.
states that during muscle contraction, myosin filaments slide over actin filaments, shortening the sarcomere and resulting in muscle contraction.
What is the impulse-momentum relationship?
It states that the change in momentum of an object is equal to the impulse applied to it. This is crucial in sports for maximizing performance.
Identify the components of a motoneuron.
Cell body (soma)
Dendrites
Axon
Axon terminals
How are motor units form?
When muscle fibers and motoneurons combine and a single motoneuron innervates multiple muscle fibers, leading to coordinated muscle contraction.
How does cartilage contribute to joint function?
Cartilage provides a smooth surface for joint movement, absorbs shock, and helps distribute loads across the joint.
What is the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction?
Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing tropomyosin to shift and expose binding sites on actin for myosin, facilitating contraction.
Explain the role of angular momentum in the rotation of the human body in sport.
Angular momentum is the rotational equivalent of linear momentum and is essential for understanding how the body rotates during activities like throwing or jumping.