Cellular level
explain the structure of the phospholipid bilayer and why is it important?
hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails - creates a semi-permeable barrier only allowing certain molecules to pass through
what is active transport? what is the purpose of the sodium-potassium pump, and what are vesicles?
molecules use energy to move against the gradient. sodium potassium pump maintains concentration and electrical gradients. vesicles are membrane 'bubbles' carrying material in or out of the cell
explain the process of transcription
creates an RNA strand from the template strand of DNA that acts as a working copy of genes and carries instructions to make a protein from the nucleus to the ribosomes
what are the 4 basic types of tissue?
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
what are the 3 types of cell junctions and their purpose?
tight (sealing), anchoring (strength), gap (communication)
carbohydrates that attach to membrane proteins form what? what do all of these collectively form? what is the purpose of this structure?
glycoproteins; glycocalyx - gives the cell its individual identity
what is the purpose of the ribosomes, the rough ER and the smooth ER?
ribosomes make protein, rough ER modifies and folds the proteins, smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies chemicals
RNA processing in eukaryotes has extra steps than prokaryotes, what are they?
5' cap, poly-A tail, intron removal by splicing, left with exons that contains instructions for protein synthesis
all tissues develop from what? what are they?
3 embryonic germ layers. Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
how are epithelial tissues classified? what are the types?
cell shape and layer number. squamous, cuboidal, columnar. simple, stratified, pseudostratified, transitional
what are the three types of membrane proteins and what are their function
integral proteins (transporters, receptors, anchors), channel proteins (form tunnels for ions or water to move through), peripheral proteins (signaling, support, enzymatic activity)
what is the purpose of the golgi apparatus? peroxisomes? lysosomes?
golgi is the mail room- it modifies, packages, and sorts proteins
lysosomes- break down waste and damaged organelles or the entire cell
peroxisomes- detoxify chemicals, metabolize lipids, neutralize free radicals
what is the process of translation? what initiates the start and stop of this process?
this process translates the RNA into a protein in the ribosomes. the start codon (AUG) and the stop codon (UAA, UGA, UGA)
what are the 4 types of tissue membrane
mucous membrane, serous membrane, cutaneous membrane, synovial membrane
what defines connective tissues? what are the 3 types of connective tissue?
ECM. connective tissue proper, supportive connective tissue, fluid connective tissue.
what is membrane transport, and what forces drive transport across the membrane?
what is the difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin?
euchromatin is loosely packed- genes can be used and DNA can be read
heterochromatin- DNA is tightly packed, DNA is silent and genes are turned off
what are the three major steps of the cell cycle and the phases included in each?
interphase (G1, g1 checkpoint, s phase, G2, G2 checkpoint) mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis) and G0 phase (cells go into this is they're damaged after G1 checkpoint)
what is the structure of epithelial tissue?
apical surface, basal surface, basement membrane, underlying connective tissue
what are the types of muscle tissue and describe each
skeletal (voluntary, striated) cardiac (involuntary, striated) smooth (non striated, involuntary)
explain passive transport and the different types of passive transport
does not use energy because molecules move down their gradient (solute concentration)
diffusion: for small molecules to move from high to low concentration
facilitated diffusion: larger molecules that need a transport protein to move down the concentration gradient
osmosis: water moves towards areas of higher concentration
what is the purpose of DNA replication? explain the difference between the leading and lagging strand and nucleotides are added to each?
replicate DNA for a new cell. leading goes in the 'correct direction' (5'-3'), lagging strand goes in the incorrect direction (3-5). nucleotides can only be added in the 5'-3' direction
the process of cells becoming specialized are called what? what are unspecialized cells called?
differentiation; stem cells
why do epithelial tissues have to diffuse oxygen and nutrients from underlying connective tissue?
they're avascular
what is the structure of neurons?