Cell
What is the scientific study of life?
Biology
What are the four abundant elements in living organisms?
Carbon, Hydrogen Oxygen and Nitrogen
What is the difference between intramolecular and intermolecular bonds?
Intramolecular bonds hold atoms together within a molecule, while intermolecular bonds occur between molecules.
What happens when water ionizes?
It forms equal amounts of H+ and OH-
Which is the basis for the pH scale.
What are two general differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
-prokaryotic lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic have both
Where are protons, neutrons and electrons located in an atom and what are their charges?
Protons (+) and neutrons are (0) are in the nucleus
Electrons (-) Orbit
What does electronegativity measure and why is it important?
It measures an atoms ability to attract electrons; it determines if a bond is ionic, polar covalent or nonpolar covalent
How do acids affect H+ concentration OH- concentration and pH?
In what type of molecules is genetic information found
nucleic acids (such as DNA)
If an atom has an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 14, How many electrons does it have?
6 electrons
How can you tell if a covalent bond is polar or Nonpolar?
By comparing the electronegativity difference between atoms.
Nonpolar covalent = <0.5
Polar covalent = >0.5
bases decreases H+ increases OH- and raise pH
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya
What makes a radioactive isotope different from a stable isotope?
Radioactive isotope have unstable nuclei that decay, releasing radiation, while stable isotopes do not
How are ions formed in ionic bonding?
One atom donates electrons (becomes cation) While the other gains electrons (becomes anion)
pH =-log[H+] it measures the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
When simple components interact to produce more complex functions
Emergent properties
Why are atoms with unfilled outer electron shells reactive?
B/c they tend to gain, lose or share electrons to achieve a stable outer shell. (Octet rule)
What are van der Waals interactions and when do they occur?
Weak attractions between molecules due to temporary shifts in electron distribution. Occur when molecules are very close together>
Why are some buffers important in biological systems?
Buffers resist changes in pH by accepting or releasing H+ ions, helping maintain stable conditions for life processes.