Sugar, Sugar
Recommended A1c in pregnant women with pre-existing Diabetes.
Women should aim for a glycated hemoglobin (A1C) of ≤7.0% (ideally ≤6.5% if possible) when planning pregnancy, or ≤6.5% (ideally ≤6.1% if possible) during pregnancy. (Diabetes Canada)
This transmembrane glycoprotein mediates uptake of iodide into follicular cells of the thyroid.
The sodium/iodide symporrter (NIS).
Stimulation of this receptor causes hyperpigmentation in Addison’s Disease.
Melanocortin-1 receptor on melanocytes.
The half-life of intact PTH.
3-5 minutes.
In MEN2B, patients often develop these mucosal lesions.
Mucosal neuromas.
List 3 genes associated with Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY).
HNF1A-MODY, GCK-MODY, HNF4A-MODY, and RCAD.
The deiodinase responsible for converting T4 to reverse T3.
Type 3 deiodonase (D3).
Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids are produced in this area of the adrenal cortex, respectively.
Glucocorticoids are produced in the Zona Fasciculata of the adrenal cortex while mineralocorticoids are produced in the Zona glomerulosa.
List 2 Radiograph characteristics of Atypical Femur Fractures (AFF).
Lateral cortical thickening, Transverse fracture lines, Beaking
This hypothalamic neuropeptide is suppressed in hyperprolactinemia, leading to hypogonadism.
Kisspeptin.
5 contraindications for SGLT2i use.
Dialysis (ESRD = eGFR < 30), hypersensitivity reaction, history of DKA, active Type 1 Diabetes, previous amputation (for canagliflozin).
This rare thyroid cancer subtype shows amyloid deposition on histopathology
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma.
The “rule of 10s” for pheochromocytomas is outdated; this is the approximate true percentage of hereditary cases.
30-40%.
PTH lowers serum phosphate by this renal mechanism.
Inhibition of phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule (phosphaturia).
Long-term cabergoline therapy is associated with this rare cardiac complication.
Valvular heart disease (fibrosis).
Celiac Disease, often asympatomatic, occurs in this percentage of Type 1 Diabetic Patients.
5%.
Patients with hypothyroidism are more sensitive to this drug, often requiring dose reduction.
Warfarin (or sedatives/opiates acceptable).
3 enzyme related causes of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (other than 21-hydroxylase deficiency).
17-hydroxylase (17-OH), 11-hydroxylase (11β-OH), 3-beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), and Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory protein (StAR).
This genetic syndrome presents with hypocalcemia, congenital heart disease, and facial anomalies.
DiGeorge syndrome (22q11 deletion)
A man with gynecomastia, high estradiol, and a testicular mass most likely has this tumor.
Leydig cell tumor.
List 3 of 4 individuals credited with isolating the insulin peptide in 1921.
Frederick Banting, Charles Best, J.B. Collip, and J.J.R. Macleod.
5 congenital defects associated with Thionamides (PTU and MMI).
Aplasia cutis (a skin defect on the scalp), choanal atresia (blocked nasal passages), esophageal atresia (a malformed esophagus), omphalocele (defect of the abdominal wall), unilateral kidney agenesis, face and neck abnormalities.
The zona glomerulosa lacks this enzyme, which prevents cortisol synthesis and allows aldosterone production.
17α-hydroxylase.
This hereditary syndrome, caused by mutations in the CDC73 (HRPT2) gene, predisposes to parathyroid carcinoma and ossifying fibromas of the mandible and maxilla.
Hyperparathyroidism–jaw tumor syndrome (HPT-JT)
A goiter is present in this percentage in children born with Pendred Syndrome.
75%.