Infection
Which bacterial structure provides shape and protection and differs in Gram-positive vs Gram-negative?
Cell Wall
Which immune cells mature in the thymus?
T lymphocytes
Name two cardinal signs of local inflammation.
Redness, swelling, warmth, pain, loss of function
Which skin pigment determines skin color?
Melanin
A patient develops widespread hives after eating peanuts. What type of hypersensitivity is this?
Type I (IgE-mediated, anaphylaxis risk)
Name one common opportunistic fungal infection in immunosuppressed patients.
Candida or Pneumocystis jirovecii
Which antibody is transferred from mother to infant across the placenta?
IgG
Which mediator causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability?
Histamine
Which common childhood infection presents with honey-colored crusts?
Impetigo
Which nursing action best prevents pressure ulcers in a hospitalized client?
Repositioning the patient regularly to relieve pressure
Which microorganism is an obligate intracellular parasite with DNA or RNA but no cellular structure?
Virus
What type of hypersensitivity is an incompatible blood transfusion?
Type II Cytotoxic
Which type of healing occurs with scar tissue replacing functional cells?
Replacement
What chronic inflammatory skin disorder results from abnormal T cell activation and rapid keratinocyte turnover?
Psoriasis
A burn patient is at highest risk for which complication in the first 24 hours?
Shock from fluid and electrolyte loss
What type of infection occurs in hospitals and affects 10-15% of patients?
Nosocomial infection
Which immunosuppressive drug is commonly used in transplant patients?
Cyclosporine
Which exudate is thick and sticky with high fibrin content?
Fibrinous exudate
Which parasitic infestation is caused by mites burrowing into the skin?
Scabies
A patient with HIV presents with thrush. Which factor explains this infection?
Opportunistic infection due to immunodeficiency
List two methods for breaking the chain of infection.
Examples include hand hygiene, immunizations, isolation, disinfection
Which autoimmune disorder is characterized by a butterfly rash?
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
List two complications of scar tissue formation.
Contractures, adhesions, keloids, ulceration
Which ABCDE rule factor describes when a mole changes shape, size, or color over time?
Evolution
A nurse sees a red, swollen, painful lower leg with red streaks along lymph vessels. What condition is suspected?
Cellulitis