QUESTION
What is the functional group present in alcohols?
–OH (hydroxyl group)
Which class of compounds has the general formula R–O–R′?
Ether
Which compound contains a –CHO group at the end of the chain?
Aldehyde
Which functional group is always found in ketones?
–CO– (carbonyl group in the middle of the chain)
What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?
–COOH (carboxyl group)
Which class of compounds has a sweet, fruity odor and the formula R–COOR′?
Ester
Give one everyday use of alcohols.
Antiseptics, disinfectants, or fuel (ethanol).
What is the main property of ethers that makes them useful as anesthetics?
Volatile and relatively unreactive.
Which compound group includes chloroform?
Alkyl Halides.
Name a common aldehyde used as a preservative.
Formaldehyde
Which ketone is commonly used as a nail polish remover?
Acetone.
Which compound is responsible for the sour taste of vinegar?
Acetic acid (a carboxylic acid).
Which compound group is widely used in perfumes and artificial flavorings?
Esters
Why are small-chain alcohols soluble in water?
Because the –OH group is polar and forms hydrogen bonds with water.
If butanol has 4 carbons, use the general formula for alcohol (CnH₂n+1OH) to determine the number of hydrogens.
9 hydrogens (C₄H₉OH).
Why is ethanol important in medical disinfection?
It denatures proteins and kills bacteria.
How are esters applied in the food industry?
They are used as flavorings (e.g., banana and pineapple flavors).
Why is methanol not used as a drinking alcohol?
It is toxic and causes blindness or death, unlike ethanol.
Why must carboxylic acids in excess (like formic acid) be avoided in the human body?
They can damage tissues and cause acidosis.
How do chlorofluorocarbons (alkyl halides) affect the ozone layer?
They deplete ozone, causing ozone layer thinning.