Early Civilization
Writing system of Minoan was ______
Linear A
The central meeting point of a polis was usually on a hill called the ____________________, which served as a citadel or fortified site.
acropolis
Two of the Spartans’ allies who had conflict with Athens and started the Peloponnesian War were…
Corinth and Megara
form of government ruled by a group of people that hold most or all political status.
Oligarchy
Heavily armed infantrymen of the Greeks formed a ________________________ (a rectangular formation) in tight order during a battle.
phalanx
The Minoans were famous for their mural paintings, called _________________, with bright colors showing sporting and naturalistic scenes.
frescoes
__________________, ________________, and _________________ were important products that the Greeks traded across the Mediterranean.
olive oil, wine, and pottery
Why was the alliance formed by Athens called the Delian League?
Because the league’s headquarter was originally on the island of Delos.
A Greek city state and its surrounding countryside
Polis
While Homer wrote epic poetry, poets in the Archaic Age of Greece such as _______________ and ________________ wrote about daily life and personal emotions.
Sappho; Hesiod
Homer is believed to have written the epic poems ________________ and ___________________ during the Dark Age.
The Iliad and the Odyssey
Describe the condition of Greeks population!
1. Citizens consisted of adult males who had political rights (participating in the election) and women and children with no political rights.
2. Non citizens (slaves and resident aliens or immigrants. All the citizens were expected to be loyal to the states.
What were the reason behind Sparta's victory during Peloponnesian War?
1. strong land army
2. Plague in Athens
3. Persian's support
3. Blockade of Athens' food supply
Free inhabitants of Sparta who were not citizens but required to pay taxes and perform military service for Sparta.
perioikoi
The causes of Peloponnesian War
1. Rivalry between Athens and Sparta
2. Corinth and Megara (Spartan allies) were fighting against Athens
3. Spartan demanded Athens to stop the conflicts otherwise there will be war.(Athens refused)
The Mycenaeans were a warlike people. List three pieces of evidence to prove this statement!
Had remarkable fortified site and built gigantic stone walls
They prided themselves on their heroic deeds in battle
Conquering Crete and control some of the Aegean islands
Commanders of the army were important to the king
Why did the Greeks establish colonies, and how did these colonies affect the economy of the Greek world?
The Greeks established the colonies because of several reasons, such as:
1. poverty and hunger because of the huge gap between rich and poor
2. overpopulation
3. Development of trade.
The impacts:
1. trade networks
2. Create new rich people groups,
3. Boost the economic situation. They were able to trade and exchange their product to other regions.
1. light-armed, mobile, and flexible
2. relied on missiles
3. focused on offense
4. Superior in number
form of government
monarchy, oligarchy, aristocracy, tyranny, and democracy
Ancient Greeks armor
Long spear, short sword, heavy shield, helmet, greaves, breastplates
Name three geographical features of Greece and its impacts to the Greeks.
Small area
Mountainous peninsula
Small plains and river valleys
Surrounded by the seas
Effects:
Isolating Greeks from one another (they thought themselves as separate countries)
Created more independent city-states
The Greeks became excellent sea traders and sailors
Were subject to devastated natural disasters
In what ways did the political reforms of Solon and Cleisthenes different, and how did each contribute to the birth of democracy?
1. Solon tried to balance rich and poor by dividing citizens into 4 classes based on their wealth/ economic status. All classes could join the assembly and the council of 400.
2. Cleisthenes reorganized the citizens into 10 tribes and expanded the council into 500. He also emphasized equality before the law.
Both of them allowing broader citizen participation and weakening aristocratic control as the foundation of Democracy
Why were the Greeks able to win the Persian Wars, even though the Persians had a much larger army?
1. Unity among the Greeks
2. Military system and tactic
3. Leadership
4. Geography
5. Internal problems of Persia.
Timeline of Greco-Persian Wars
1. Ionian revolts
2. Battle of Marathon
3. Battle of Thermopylae
4. Battle of Salamis
5. Battle of Plataea
What is ostracism and why did the Athenians use ostracism?
Ostracism is an act of excluding or ignoring an individual or group by a larger social group.
The Athenians used the tactic in order to protect the city from any powerful politician or general who might become too dominant (or become a tyrant).