Cell Membranes
The main reason fish in cold water have more unsaturated fatty acids in their membranes.
What is “to maintain membrane fluidity at low temperatures”?
The type of reactions that decrease entropy and build order in cells.
What are anabolic reactions?
The main stage where most ATP is produced in respiration.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
In signal transduction, ligands (do / do not) change shape when binding receptors.
What is false?
Which of these molecules is polar: N2, CH3OH, CH4, CO2?
What is CH₃OH?
True/False – Primary active transport always moves molecules down their concentration gradient.
False — active transport moves solutes against their gradient.
Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering this.
What is activation energy?
The outputs of pyruvate oxidation.
What are Acetyl-CoA, NADH, and CO₂?
Epinephrine binds to this type of receptor.
What is a G-protein coupled receptor?
The bond type responsible for water’s high heat capacity.
What are hydrogen bonds?
This type of transport indirectly relies on ATP by using ion gradients.
What is secondary active transport (or cotransport)?
Citrate inhibition of glycolysis is an example of this kind of regulation.
What is feedback inhibition?
The location of the electron transport chain in bacterial cells.
What is the cell membrane?
The second messenger activated in many G-protein pathways.
What is cyclic AMP (cAMP)?
Oxygen, atomic number 8, has this many valence electrons and shares this many when bonding.
What is 6 valence electrons, sharing 2 in covalent bonds?
Which part of an integral membrane protein is most likely made of hydrophobic amino acids?
What are transmembrane regions made of nonpolar amino acids?
The energy required to break bonds in substrates is ___ than the energy released forming new bonds in products.
What is less than?
Generation of the H+ gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane requires energy from these reactions.
What are redox reactions?
Protein kinase A is activated downstream of this molecule.
What is cAMP?
The amino acids most likely to form ionic bonds in protein tertiary structure.
What are Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid?
Explain why type 2 diabetes makes blood hypertonic to cells, leading to excessive thirst.
What is “cells lose water by osmosis, causing excessive thirst”?
Explain why enzymes do not change ΔG of a reaction.
What is “they only lower the activation energy, not ΔG”?
Walk through the order of molecules activated when epinephrine triggers glucose release.
What is G protein, effector protein, cAMP, protein kinase A?
Explain why signal cascades are beneficial for the cell compared to direct signaling.
What is “to amplify signals and allow regulation at many steps”?
Bonus: Which amino acids are enriched in membrane-spanning protein regions?
What are hydrophobic amino acids like Leu, Val, and Trp?