Carbohydrates
Monomer of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Monomer of lipids
Fatty Acids
Monomer of proteins?
Amino Acids
Monomer of DNA?
Nucleotide
Which hormone regulates blood sugar levels
Insulin
Are carbs organic? Why?
Yes, because carbohydrates have carbons and hydrogens covalently bonded.
What makes up the cell membrane?
Phospholipid Bilayer
What does an enzyme do?
It catalyzes chemical reaction
What bonds hold together nucleotides?
Phosphodiester bonds
What does the Eliza test test for?
The presence of C-peptides --> insulin in blood
3 examples of a disaccharide?
1. sucrose
2. maltose
3. lactose
What is the structure of a phospholipid?
Hydrophobic tail and Hydrophilic head
What is it called when an enzyme slightly adjusts its shape when it binds to the substrate for a better fit?
Induced Fit
What nitrogenous bases are purines vs pyrimidines?
Purines: adenine + guanine
Pyrimidine: cytosine + thymine
What is the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes?
Type 1 → has the beta cells undergo autoimmune destruction, and the pancreas releases little to no insulin. Meanwhile, Type 2→ occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin, or the pancreas isn't producing enough for the body to respond
What are the 3 hexose monosaccharides? What is the chemical formula?
Glucose, galactose, and fructose. C6H12O6 (they are isomers)
What is the functional group for lipids?
Carboxyl (COOH)
How do enzymes develop their unique shape?
The properties of amino acids
What is the rule called that states that nitrogenous bases have complementary base pairing?
Chargaff's Rule
What mg/dL reading from the urinalysis test would cause a doctor to recommend blood work?
Above 100 mg/dL
What is a functional group? Give 2 examples?
Functional Group - specific grouping of atoms in a molecule that determine the chemical behavior of a compound.
Ex. carbonyl (O=C), hydroxyl (O-H)
What is the bond that dehydration synthesis forms for triglycerides?
Ester Bonds
What’s the difference between a competitive inhibitor and a non-competitive inhibitor?
A competitive inhibitor binds to the enzyme and blocks the substrate from binding.
A non-competitive inhibitor attaches to another site on the enzyme and blocks it from doing its job
What is the charge of DNA, and how do you know?
Negative (phosphate group)
Why is signal peptide important?
Signal peptide facilitates transport of preproinsulin into the ER to process insulin.