People
Who was John Calvin?
A French theologian pastor, and leading figure in the Protestant Reformation
Who was John Wycliffe?
English scholastic philosopher, theologian, and priest who became a leading voice for ecclesiastical reform in the 14th century.
What is Penance?
An act of repentance and atonement for sin, either voluntary or imposed, that involves showing sorrow for wrongdoing and committing to amendment.
What is the Council of Trent?
A pivotal ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, held in Trent, Italy, from 1545 to 1563, in response to the Protestant Reformation
What is the Index of Prohibited Books?
A list of publications condemned by the Catholic Church for being heretical of damaging to faith and morals during that Catholic Reformation and the broader period of the Counter-Reformation.
Who was Johannes Gutenberg?
A German inventor best known for developing the movable-type printing press in Europe around 1450
What is the Protestant Reformation?
A 16th-century religious and political movement that split western Christianity, changing the authority of the Catholic Church and leading to the formation of new Protestant churches like Lutheranism and Calvinism.
What is Indulgence?
The act of indulging a desire or a privilege, or, in Catholic, a remission of the temporal punishment for sins that have already been forgiven.
What is the Diet of Worms?
An imperial assembly in 1521 that addressed the Protestant Reformation and Martin Luther's changing ideas.
What is a Renaissance Man?
A person during the Reformation period who embodied the ideals of humanism, excelling in many diverse fields like art, science, philosophy, and literature, demonstrating broad knowledge and profound skills across a wide range of disciplines.
Who was Martin Luther?
A German monk, priest, and theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century.
What is the Counter-Reformation?
The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, aiming to reform the Church from within and stop the spread of Protestantism (Council of Trent)
What is Excommunication?
The formal exclusion of an individual from participation in the sacraments and services of a Christian church, such as the Catholic Church.
What is Transubstantiation?
The Roman Catholic doctrine that the bread and wine in the Eucharist (Lord's Supper) physically transformed into the actual blood and body of Christ, while maintaining their outward appearance.
Where did the Renaissance began?
Florence, Italy
Who was Leo X?
Giovanni de Medici, son of Lorenzo the Magnificent and the last Renaissance Pope before the Reformation, who reigned from 1513 to 1521.
What is Heresy?
A belief or option contrary to Orthodox religion (especially Christian) doctrine.
What is Recant?
Formally or publicly withdraw one's previous statement or declare that one no longer holds a particular opinion or belief.
What are Protestants?
Members of Christian groups who broke away from the Roman Catholic Church to establish new churches based on distant beliefs.
What was the inspiration for Renaissance architecture and writing?
The revival of Classical Antiquity, specifically ancient Greek and Roman culture, art, and philosophy (along with Humanism)
Who was John Huss?
Czech priest, philosopher, theologian, and priest who became a key figure in the Bohemian Reformation.
What is a Heretic?
A person whose views, ideas, or actions are at odds with those that are generally accepted or established, particularly religious or social norms.
What is Inquisition?
Official inquiry, especially by the Roman Catholic Church, to suppress heresy and enforce religious conformity by investigating and prosecuting individuals whose beliefs and practices deviated from established doctrine.
What is a Doctrine?
Centered on the Five Solas emphasizing Scripture alone as the authority, salvation through grace alone and faith alone in Christ alone, and a life of God's glory alone.
What were the goals of Renaissance education?
To cultivate well-rounded, virtuous individuals though a curriculum focused on the humanities, including grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophy.