Microbial metabolism pt 2
Proteins are polymers of ______
Amino acids
True
What is apoptosis
Programmed cell death
T/F Histones are found in bacteria
False
Wha is the term for "the natural process that, over time, microorganisms break down wastes"?
Natural attenuation
What does glycerol convert into (in context of lipid metabolism)?
DHAP and feeds onto glycolysis pathway
What is a biofilm?
A collection of diverse microbes living on a surface in a complex community
What does DNA Polymerase do?
enzyme that reads DNA to make more DNA
Direction of synthesis and direction of reading
Synthesis: 5 to 3
Reading: 3 to 5
Obligate anaerobes are _______ by oxygen
Killed
Fate of fatty acids?
Beta oxidation pathway, broken down to generate Acetyl-CoA
What is Quorum sensing?
Something that occurs in biofilms where the population changes their behavior in response to reaching a population threshold. Involved virulence, motility, growth, protease synthesis, and biofilm production
What is cytokinesis?
Process that apportions the cytoplasm, forms a serum and actually divides the mother cell into 2 daughter cells
What are nucleotides and their parts?
Ribose/deoxyribose= 5 carbon sugar
Phosphate= a salt or ester of phosphoric acid
Nitrogenous base=nitrogen containing molecule that has the same chemical properties as a base
What is the difference between sepsis and septicemia?
Septicemia is the presence of bacteria in the blood, while sepsis is the following step, placing emphasis on inflammation and blood clotting caused by the initial septicemia.
What is a lipase and its function?
an enzyme that hydrolyzes lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
List the categorizations definitions and naming of microbes within the context of energy production, carbon, and electrons. (-troph)
Energy- phototroph- from light. Chemotroph- from organic molecules.
Carbon- Autotroph- create organic molecules from CO2. Heterotrophs- catabolize organic molecules that acquire from other organisms
Electrons- organotroph- get electrons from same organic sources that supply C. Lithotrophs- get electrons from inorganic molecules
What is the stationary phase (in terms of viable cells, vegetative cells, and possible limiting factors)?
the total number of viable cells remain constant, and the number of vegetative cells does not increase, and potential limiting factors include limited O2, toxic waste, density, and starvation.
What is the phosphodiester bond?
A covalent chemical bond between nucleotides, specifically a bond between sugar and phosphate molecules of adjacent nucleotides.
Purine versus pyrimidine
Purine has two rings, pyrimidine has one
purines always pair with Pyrimidines
What is a protease and its function?
enzyme that hydrolyzes proteins and polypeptides into amino acids
List 5 other categories that impact growth (besides energy, carbon, and electrons)
What can starvation proteins do to promote cell survival?
a) increase peptidoglycan crosslinking
b) Act as DNA binding proteins and bind DNA to prevent degradation
c) Act as chaperone proteins and prevent protein denaturing and may even renature damaged proteins
Similarities and differences of DNA versus RNA
Differences: Nitrogenous bases (u versus t), sugars they contain, single or double stranded
Similarities: Polymer of nucleotides, linked by phosphodiester bonds, contain adenine guanine and cytosine
What is a plasmid?
Genetic structure that can replicate independently of chromosomes, small circular strand in cytoplasm.