Org. of the Human Body
Posterior is to Dorsal as Anterior is to _______
Ventral
Smallest unit of an element
Atom
Manufactures protein and serves as the site of translation in the cell
Ribosome
_____ are Erythrocytes
RBC/Red Blood Cells
Produces secretions that are carried out of the body via organ or body surface
Exocrine system
Carry lymph and help remove harmful substances
Lymphatic vessels
Fungus, Parasite, Virus, Bacterium
Pathogens
(Body System) Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small and Large Intestine, Pancreas, Gallbladder, Liver
Digestive system
7.35 - 7.45
pH of blood
Fluid found outside of the cell
Extracellular fluid
These WBC provide defense against parasites
Eosinophils
This type of tissue group supports and forms the framework of the body
Connective Tissue
These vessels carry filtered lymph OUT of the lymph node
Efferent Lymphatic vessels
This type of immunity you are born with
Innate Immunity
Body senses something is right and reinforces the action
Positive Feedback in Homeostasis
Reflect the pH in a solution
Number of Hydrogen (H+) Ions?
This type of solution shrinks the cell
Hypertonic Solution?
The process of formation of new blood cells
Hematopoiesis
This is an Epithelial membrane that lines tubes and ducts that are exposed to substances from outside of the body
Mucous membranes
These are the first line of defense in the body and trapping pathogens
Tonsils and Mucous Membranes
This process in the inflammatory response attracts WBCs to an area
Chemotaxis
Body sense something is wrong and attempts to fix it
Negative Feedback in Homeostasis
Provides energy to the body
Carbs?
Glucose = Mono
Sucrose = Di
Glycogen/Starch = Poly
Movement of a material into the cell using a vesicle for transport
ENDOcytosis
Vascular constriction --> Platelet plug --> Clot formation
What is the process of blood clotting?
Thin sheets of tissue that line and cover organs
Membranes
Immune protection, fluid balance, and fat absorption are the purpose of __________
Lymphatic Fluid
This type of T Cell releases cytokines, activate B and T cells, and attract macrophages
Helper T cells
Largest sensory organ that provides protection from injury and infection
Skin/Integumentary system
Blends 2 or more substances (Solvent/Solute)
What is a mixture?
This process occurs in the nucleous, DNA is copied to make mRNA
Transcription
Blood clumping in response to interactions between antigens and antibodies
What is Agglutination?
Thyroid, Adrenal, Pituitary are part of this system
Endocrine system
This is located in mediastinum and plays a key role in early immune system development; largest at puberty, then shrinks with age
Thymus Gland
These are developed in bone marrow, activate when they match a specific antigen, and make clones
B cells
Sagittal Plane
Frontal Plane
Transverse Plane
Oblique Plane
Left and Right
Anterior and Posterior / Ventral and Dorsal
Superior and Inferior
Diagonal
Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Mass: The amount of matter in an object.
Chromosomes line up in the center and spindle fibers hold them in places
Metaphase Stage of Mitosis
Vit B12 deficiency leading to decreased RBC production
Pernicious Anemia
Connective tissue membrane that lines joint cavities and secretes fluid which lubricates the joints
Synovial Membranes
Types of Filtration process:
_________ reticular fibers trap debris
_________ immune cells destroy pathogens through phagocytosis
Mechanical and Biological
These are the three main types of lymphocytes
NK cells (innate), B cells (adaptive), and T cells (adaptive)
A 68 year old patient presents to the ED with chest tightness, shortness of breath when walking short distances, and swelling in the ankles. His BP is elevated, and heart sounds are irregular.
What body system is most likely affected?
Cardiovascular system
A patient is vomiting repeatedly and shows muscle weakness and tingling. Blood tests show the blood is more basic than normal.
What type of pH imbalance is most likely occurring?
Alkalosis (Metabolic Alkalosis)
A 45-year-old patient has a skin biopsy taken from a suspicious mole. Under the microscope, the cells are found to be rapidly dividing, with large irregular nuclei and loss of normal structure. The cells no longer look like typical skin cells and are invading nearby tissue.
What cellular process or condition is most likely occurring?
Cancer (uncontrolled cell division / abnormal mitosis)
A 62-year-old patient receives a blood transfusion for severe anemia. Within 15 minutes, the patient develops fever, chills, lower back pain, and dark urine. Their blood pressure drops, and they become anxious and short of breath.
What is the most likely complication occurring?
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
A 29-year-old patient has a sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. A throat swab shows that the infection is affecting a thin layer of cells lining the throat. These cells are tightly packed and form a protective barrier against pathogens. Damage to this layer allows bacteria to enter underlying tissues more easily.
Which type of tissue is most likely affected?
Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue forms protective coverings and linings of body surfaces and organs (like the throat). It acts as a barrier against infection, and damage to it increases vulnerability to pathogens.
A 33-year-old patient notices a small lump on the side of their neck that is tender when touched. They recently recovered from a throat infection. Blood tests show increased immune activity, and imaging shows enlarged structures that filter fluid and trap pathogens.
Which lymphatic structure is most likely involved?
Lymph nodes
Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid and trap bacteria/viruses. They often swell and become tender during or after infections due to increased immune activity.
A 27-year-old patient has a viral infection that is not improving. Blood tests show a low number of cells responsible for directly killing infected body cells. The patient’s immune response is weak even though antibody levels are normal.
Which immune component is most likely affected?
T lymphocytes (especially cytotoxic T cells)
T cells are responsible for identifying and destroying virus-infected cells. A deficiency leads to poor control of viral infections despite normal antibody production.