cardiac anatomy
the most anterior heart valve is?
pulmonary
list the structures supplied with oxygenated blood by the left anterior descending artery
septal
anterior wall of lv
anterioseptal wall of lv
lv apex
rv apex
define cardiomyopathy
any myocardial disease that causes the ventricular dysfunction and enlargement
what system setting is adjusted to properly assess the vena contracta measurements of AI
color scale should be set between 50-60 cm/s
the motion of valve apparatus is best documented on
M-Mode
list the function of pericardium
reduces friction to allow the heart to move freely in the chest, allows contraction and expansion to allow volume changes in the chambers.
prevents infections
kawasaki syndrome is best demonstrated by which view?
PSAX
what cardiac wall is most commonly affected by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
IVS
chronic moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation will lead to
RV volume overload
dilated right atrium
diastolic flattening of IVS
the position of mitral ring prosthesis is best evaluated in what echo view?
psax
how to differentiate left ventricle from right ventricle
LV: no moderator band
smoother walls
2 papillary muscles instead of 3
what typically occurs in the first 4 days after myocardial infraction?
pericardial effusion
describe LV non-compaction
hypertrophied LV with multiple trabeculations, mostly affects the apical portion. typically presented with DCM
what are the 2 most common causes of pulmonary stenosis
rheumatic fever
carcinoid syndrome
what type of prosthetic valve comes from a cadaver donor?
homograft
what muscular ridge that separates the right atrium into two portions, and extends into IVC and SVC?
crista terminalis
what is a significant symptom of right ventricle infraction
jugular vein distension
which chambers are dilated with congestive cardiomyopathy
ALL 4 chambers :)
in mitral stenosis, the anterior leaflet motion causes it to have a ____________ appearance
hockey stick
list an advantage and a disadvantage of bioprosthetic valve
advantage: no need for anticoagulant therapy
disadvantage: less durable than mechanical valves, only 10 yrs
name the aortic arch branches
innominate artery
left carotid artery
left subclavian artery
describe dressler syndrome?
a form of pericarditis that occurs up tp 3 months after MI
what causes takotsubo cardiomyopathy
stress
what cardiac arrhythmia is commonly associated with mitral stenosis
A- fib
dehiscence of a prosthetic valve indicates
detachment from the heart