1
What are the main factors that allow for a successful typological contrasting of syntactic systems in English and Ukrainian?
The main factors include: 1) common classes of syntactic units (word-groups, sentences, supersyntactic units); 2) generally common paradigmatic classes and types of these units; 3) isomorphic and allomorphic types and means of syntactic connection; 4) mostly isomorphic syntactic processes; 5) identical syntactic relations; and 6) common functions performed by different parts of speech.
What are the two major parts of the grammatical structure of language?
Morphology and syntax.
What does morphology deal with?
Morphology deals with paradigmatic and syntagmatic properties of morphological units (morphemes and words), concerned with the internal structure of words and their relationship to other words and word forms within the paradigm.
What is syntax concerned with?
yntax is concerned with the way words are combined, dealing with the external functions of words and their relationship to other words within linearly ordered units (word-groups, sentences, and texts).
What are the three basic concepts involved in syntactic analysis?
Types of words (Constituents/phrases), Parts of sentences (Parts-of-speech), and Functions of sentence parts (Syntactic functions).
How do allomorphic features and phenomena express themselves at the syntactic level?
Allomorphic features are expressed in: 1) qualitative and quantitative differences in some paradigmatic classes of word-groups and sentences; 2) some types of word-groups; 3) unequal representation of syntactic connection means; 4) different ways of expressing predication; 5) difference in structural forms of some English parts of the sentence; and 6) means of joining subordinate clauses.
What is a "syntactic unit"?
A syntactic unit is always a combination that has at least two constituents. The basic syntactic units are a word-group, a clause, a sentence, and a text.
Explain the concept of "syntactic meaning" with an example.
Syntactic meaning is the way in which separate word meanings are combined to produce meaningful word-groups and sentences. The example "Green ideas sleep furiously" is grammatically correct but lacks syntactic meaning because it makes no sense.
How is "syntactic form" described?
Syntactic form may be described as the distributional formula of the unit (pattern), such as "John hits the ball -N1 + V + N2."
What is the primary difference in how primary predication (between subject and predicate) is realized in English versus Ukrainian?
In English, primary predication is often qualified as interdependence, meaning the subject depends on the predicate and vice-versa. While both languages have isomorphic and allomorphic means for various syntactic relations, English predominantly uses analytical means, and Ukrainian uses synthetic or combined analytical and synthetic means for this.
How do English predicates generally behave in interrogative sentences compared to Ukrainian predicates?
In English interrogative or emphatic sentences, a part of the predicate may be placed in front of the subject/subject group. In Ukrainian, predicates rarely occupy the initial position in interrogative sentences.
Describe how the "attributive relation" is realized in English.
The attributive relation in English is realized through both synthetic and analytical means. Synthetic means are limited to a few standard cases involving demonstrative pronouns (this, these, that, those, etc.) agreeing in number with their head nouns. Analytical means involve the preposed or postpositional placement of attributive components (adjectives, participles, numerals, pronouns) that do not agree with their head components.
What is the main characteristic of "adverbial relations" in English and Ukrainian?
Adverbial relations are mostly realized with the help of the same analytical (placement or placement plus prepositions in English) and synthetic or combined (analytical plus synthetic) means in Ukrainian, similar to objective and attributive relations. Syntactic placement is often the only means in English.
What is "Extension" as a syntactic process?
Extension is achieved in both contrasted languages by adding subordinate components to a head/nucleus element, i.e., subordinating within the syntaxeme. It can be achieved by syndetic (explicit, synthetic, or analytical) or asyndetic (placement) means and is realized in word-groups and sentences.
What is "Detachment" in the context of syntactic extension?
Detachment is a common way of external syntactic extension, often of isomorphic nature across languages. It involves secondary parts of the sentence, and is achieved through extension by means of subordination, including subordinating conjunctions or co-ordination.
Explain "Compression" as a syntactic process and give an example.
Compression is a syntactic process closely connected with reduction and secondary predication, existing only in English. It is frequently observed with nominative absolute participial constructions, which are reduced transforms. For example, in "He stood beside me in silence, his candle in his hand," "his candle in his hand" is a reduced transform from "his candle being or having been in his hand."