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Reading
100

Which of the following best describes a key concept from Kautilya's Arthashastra regarding interstate relations?

  1. Diplomacy should always aim to establish permanent peace through mutual disarmament.  

  2. War is the ultimate definition of interstate relations, and a state must conquer or be conquered.  

  3. All conflicts must be resolved through third-party mediation and international arbitration.  

  4. States should avoid war at all costs and focus exclusively on economic and cultural exchanges.

War is the ultimate definition of interstate relations, and a state must conquer or be conquered. 

100

10. Which of the following options contains all of the members of The Holy/Grand Alliance?

  1. Austria, Prussia, and Russia

  2. Russia, Germany, and Austria

  3. USSR, Prussia, and Austria

  4. USSR, Prussia, and Germany

Austria, Prussia, and Russia

100

5. Which was the period of the 2nd “long” peace in Europe?

  1. 1875 - 1914

  2. 1871 - 1914

  3. 1814 - 1914

  4. 1890 - 1918

1871 - 1914

100

2. According to the document, what was a defining characteristic of the diplomatic system that developed in ancient Greece?

  1. It was managed by a permanent, professional corps of diplomats with full powers (plena potens).  

  2. It featured public negotiation where policy and diplomatic arguments were openly determined and discussed. 

  3. It was highly centralized and confidential, with all diplomacy directed by a single dominant city-state.  

  4. It primarily involved long-term resident ambassadors similar to the later *proxenos* system.  

It featured public negotiation where policy and diplomatic arguments were openly determined and discussed. 

100

What Treaty ended the Portuguese-Castilian war?

  1. Treaty of Tordesillas 

  2. Treaty of Zaragoza

  3. Treaty of Utrecht 

  4. Treaty of Alcáçovas

Treaty of Alcáçovas

100

Which of the following best describes the long-term causes of World War I?

  1. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the invasion of Belgium.

  2. Economic depression, the rise of fascism, and the Treaty of Versailles.

  3. The alliance system among European powers, imperialism and militarism.

  4. The spread of communism and the Russian Revolution.

The alliance system among European powers, imperialism and militarism.

100

3. Which of the following best characterizes the diplomatic practices of the Ancient Orient as described in early Mesopotamian and Egyptian sources?

  1. They relied on permanent diplomatic missions managed by professional envoys with plena potens.

  2. Negotiations were secular and bureaucratic, focused on written legal contracts between states. 

  3. Envoys operated independently of their rules, often shaping foreign policy autonomously.

  4. Diplomacy was ad hoc, ritualistic, and deeply rooted in religion, with treaties guaranteed by divine authority. 

Diplomacy was ad hoc, ritualistic, and deeply rooted in religion, with treaties guaranteed by divine authority. 

100

8. What was the main role of religion in treaty-making, in ancient diplomacy?

  1. Religion had no political role.

  2. Only clerics could sign the treaties, replacing envoys as diplomats.

  3. Treaties were believed to be guaranteed by gods.

  4. Only religious states had the privilege to sign treaties.

Treaties were believed to be guaranteed by gods.

100

According to the document, what was a defining feature of the diplomatic system that developed in ancient Rome?

  1. Diplomacy was centralized in a professional corps under the Bureau of Barbarians

  2. Rome developed a permanent network of resident ambassadors modeled on the Greek proxenos.

  3. The Collegium Fetiales ensured the legality of war and peace through formalized religious procedures.

  4. Roman diplomacy emphasized equality and mutual recognition between all sovereign states.

The Collegium Fetiales ensured the legality of war and peace through formalized religious procedures.

100

Which of the philosophers defined state as a: “human community that claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force”?

  1. Jean Bodin

  2. Max Webber

  3. Thomas Hobbes

  4. Niccolo Machiavelli

Max Webber

100

Who said the following sentence: “A prince must learn from the fox and the lion”?

  1. Niccolo Machiavelli

  2. Lorenzo de’ Medici

  3. Pope Alessandro

  4. Napoleon Bonaparte

Niccolo Machiavelli

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