Carbohydrates
What type of bond forms between two monosaccharides during dehydration synthesis, and what molecule is released as a result?
Glycosidic bond; a water molecule is released.
What structural feature distinguishes saturated from unsaturated fatty acids?
Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds that create kinks
What type of bond is formed during protein synthesis between amino acids, and where does it occur?
The peptide bond; formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another in the ribosome.
What type of bond connects nucleotides in a single DNA strand?
Phosphodiester bond between the 3′-OH of one nucleotide and the 5′-phosphate of the next.
I’m a partnership of opposites: one part hates water, the other part can’t live without it. Together, we build the walls that make life possible. What am I describing?
Phospholipids form the cell membrane.
What is a disaccharide and provide two examples?
Disaccharides are polymers formed from two monosaccharides bonded together.
Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose
Lactose: Glucose + Galactose
Maltose: Glucose + Glucose
Sacarose: Glucose + Glucose
Why do lipids produce more energy than carbohydrates?
Because they contain more C-H to be oxidized.
What are the 4 categories of R-group interactions?
Electrically charged polar side chains,
Uncharged polar side chains,
Special cases side chains,
Hydrophobic side chains.
State the names of the 5 nitrogenous bases.
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracyl
What's the name of the female hormone that prepares the body for pregnancy?
Progesterone
What's the most common carbon shape in carbohydrates?
Cholesterol belongs to which category of lipids, and why?
Steroids because it is made of 4 carbon rings fused and a fatty acid.
Name 4 functions of proteins.
Structural
Transport
Enzymes
Antibodies
Messenger
Receptors
What is the location limitation that DNA has that RNA doesn't in the eukaryotic cell?
DNA can only be found inside the nucleus, while RNA can exit the nucleus to go into the cytoplasm.
Name the three components of a nucleotide.
Phosphate group (1-3)
5-carbon ring sugar (Ribose/Deoxyribose)
Nitrogenous base (A, G, T, C, U)
What's the name of the test used to identify simple sugars in samples?
Benedict's solution
What are the 3 main categories of lipids?
Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Steroids.
How many essential amino acids are?
9
Name the 2 types of sugars present in the nucleotides.
Ribose and Deoxyribose
Every biomolecule loves me when they’re forming, but they kick me out when they bond. Then they call me back when they break up. Who am I?
Water
Both starch and cellulose are polymers of glucose. What specific structural difference between them determines their digestibility in humans?
Starch has α(1→4) and α(1→6) linkages; cellulose has β(1→4) linkages, which humans cannot hydrolyze.
Explain why phospholipids are amphipathic and how this property leads to the formation of biological membranes.
They contain hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, which spontaneously form bilayers in aqueous environments.
Describe how the sequence of amino acids determines the final 3D shape of a protein.
The primary sequence dictates intramolecular interactions—hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic effects—that drive folding.
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Name the 4 types of monomers found in biomolecules.
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharide
Lipids: Glycerol + Fatty acids
Proteins: Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides