Operant and Classical Conditioning
A stimulus that prompts a natural, unlearned response
What is “unconditioned stimulus”
A hypothesised theory to describe how memory might work
-What is a memory model?
Mental representations based on prior experience and knowledge.
What is schema theory
This is what happens to neurotransmitters that are not absorbed through reuptake?
The neurotransmitters are absorbed by the enzymes in between the synaptic gap.
Assumes all humans can learn by watching models and imitating their behaviour.
What is social learning theory?
Behaviours are changed based on a reward or punishment
What does the operant conditioning theory focus on?
The phonological loop
In the working memory model what is the auditory component of STM.
Helps us to predict what to expect based on what has happened before.
Cognitive script
The electrical charge sent from the polarized neuron to the terminal buttons.
What is action potential?
Consistency, Identification with the model, Liking the model, If behaviour is rewarded
Two factors that influence the imitation of a model.
classical conditioning
An example is:
A dog starts to drool when it hears a bell, knowing that food is coming
To allocate information based on modality and replace the sensory buffer. (To direct your attention to tasks)
What is the purpose of the central executive in the working memory model
-one limitation or criticism of schema theory
It's hard to directly test or measure schemas
It's important because it insulates the axon and allows for faster and more efficient transmission of electrical impulses.
The myelinated sheath
Social learning theory argues that learning is most likely if _____.
the observer has high self-efficacy.
positive punishment
"A student gets extra homework for getting caught cheating on a test” What type of operant conditioning is this?
To integrate information from the visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, and LTM to create a single episode of information.
What is the role of the Episodic Buffer?
People may fill in memory gaps with schema-consistent details that weren’t actually present.
How schema theory explains why eyewitness testimonies can be inaccurate.
It stimulates arousal and alertness.
Norepinephrine
The common saying that simplifies social learning theory?
Monkey see, Monkey do
Extinction
What is the term for the process when the conditioned response (CR) stops due to the conditioned stimulus (CS) being presented without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
The most important stores in the model are the visual store (iconic memory) and the auditory store (echoic memory).
What are the two most important stores in the Multi-store model
We tend to notice and remember info that fits into our schemas and forget or ignore info that doesnt.
How does schema theory relate to cognitive bias?
It causes a chain reaction, where the chemical impulse goes down and the action potential rises, creating a pull to the next neuron to bind with it.
What happens to the neurotransmitters released by terminal buttons that cause action potential to continue to the next neuron?
The 4 cognitive factors of social learning theory.
Attention: The learner must pay attention to the model to learn a behavior.
Retention: The observer must be able to remember the behavior that has been observed to produce that behavior immediately or after some time.
Potential: To reproduce an observed behavior, observers must be physically and/or mentally able to carry it out—that is, they need to have a certain level of self-efficacy.
Motivation: Learners must want to replicate the behavior that they have observed.