First Cycle Coding Methods
True or False: Descriptive coding should be the default method you use for qualitative data analysis.
False!
"...use Descriptive Coding sparingly and preferably not at all for interview transcript data unless topical indexing of the database is necessary for documentation, future reference, longitudinal analysis, or quantitative assessment (e.g., content analysis)."
What is attribute coding?
"the notation, usually at the beginning of a data set...of basic descriptive information" (p. 126).
- fieldwork setting
- data format
- time frame
What is magnitude coding?
"Magnitude Coding consists of and adds a supplemental alphanumeric or symbolic code or subcode to an existing coded datum or category to indicate its intensity, frequency, direction, presence, probability, or evaluative content (e.g., agreement, quality)." (p. 129).
What is subcoding?
"A subcode is a second-order tag assigned after a primary code to detail or enrich the entry." (p. 137).
-parent-child-sibling
What is simultaneous coding?
"Simultaneous coding applies two or more different codes to a single qualitative datum, or the overlapped occurrence of two or more codes applied to sequential units of qualitative data" (p. 140).
Name 2 types of second cycle coding methods.
Options:
Grounded Theory Coding Methods:
- Focused Coding, Axial Coding, Theoretical Coding
Cumulative Coding Methods:
- Pattern Coding, Elaborative Coding, Longitudinal Coding
All qualitative studies - but specifically those with multiple participants and sites, participant demographics played a key role, wide variety of data forms.
When should magnitude coding be used?
"...descriptive qualitative studies that include basic statistical information (frequencies, percentages), and for qualitative studies in education, social science, and health care that also support quantitative measures as evidence of outcomes." (p. 129-130)
When should subcoding be used?
all qualitative studies, but specifically ocntent analyses, ethnographies, studies with multiple participants/sites, and studies with a wide variety of data forms.
Also when general code entries with require more indexing, or categorized into hierarchies.
When should simultaneous coding be used?
"...when the content of the data suggests multiple meanings that necessitate and justify more than one code" (p. 140).
Name 5 types of first cycle coding methods
Grammatical Coding: Attribute, Magnitude, Subcoding, Simultaneous
Elemental: Structural, Descriptive, In Vivo, Process, Initial, Icon, Concept
Affective: Emotion, Values, Versus, Evaluation
Literary/Language: Dramaturgical, Motif, Narrative, Metaphor, Verbal Exchange
Exploratory: Holistic, Provisional, Hypothesis, Eclectic
Procedural: Protocol, OCM, Domain/Taxonomic, Causation
Give an example of attribute coding.
participants
data format
site
date
time
activities
name
age
grade level
GPA
Give an example of magnitude coding.
words, abbreviations, or symbols that suggest intensity or prominence:
- Strongly, Moderately, No opinion, low pain level, high pain level, high intensity, low intensity, medium intensity, often, somewhat, not at all, cold, warm, hot, 3-2-1-0, below/above average, positive/negative/neutral/mixed
Give an example of a subcode.
Houses
- Economics
- Decor (outdoor surfaces, artwork, religious artifacts)
- Yards
- Security
Give an example of simultaneous coding.
See page 141-142
Name the different methods of themeing the data (3)
Categorically, phenomenologically, and FOR metaethnography, metasummary, and metasynthesis
How would you assign attribute coding to the following data?
And I don't know if it was the entire time that he had the same teacher, but it was for multiple classes, for multiple years, he had the same teacher, and it was a bad relationship, basically, from what I understood from the from what she told me. And then he started school in Utah in 5th he did part of 5th grade in Payson, part of 5th grade, he came here halfway through 5th grade. And so this and I actually am not sure if they're even supposed to be here, but she said that of course it's she said, he said, of course it's hard. We kept moving. And so there's some transient history there.
one teacher
5th grade
Utah
etc.
How would you use magnitude coding for this data?
So just transparency and just letting them have opportunities, really creating intentional opportunities for them to feel success and really praising it equally as I would praise the kid getting a 100%.
But, like, hey, this kiddo finally got 25% who's been scoring, like, 3% or, you know, 5. But they finally got 20 25. That's as big of a celebration as a 100%. So I've really started focusing on not, like, oh, this person got a 100% in our class. It's just, this person made growth, hooray, you know, and this person passed, great.
Possible response:
- high score
- low score
How would you use subcoding for this data?
And even just creating just even her being able to connect like, oh, she could tell my voice would change or if it would get scared.
And even expression and voice and, you know, and intonation. Those are all still exposures behind a language and even speaking the language, not just reading but speaking.
Potential response:
- Voice
Subcodes: expression, intonation
How would you use simultaneous coding for this data?
But I mean, I just imagine if I were a new student to a new country, zero understanding of language, and struggled in my own language to even be able to do academic work, not necessarily communicate verbally. I would want, like, I'd want to at least feel like I enjoy being here and I wanna come back. And so I think my goal has always been I want them to feel like they have friends. I want them to feel like they've had opportunities of success with the language in their native and in their English and, you know, in the English language.
Possible response:
1a: New student
1b: Little knowledge of language
1c: Verbal communication
How do you decide what type of coding to use in your data analysis?
- match Research Question
- mix and match coding methods
- pilot-test the coding method you decide on
- "The point here is to carefully consider which coding method(s) may generate the types of answers you need, based on the forms of questions you pose.
- based on theoretical approach
- Methodological needs
- based on conceptual framework
- you can use different methods for different sections (e.g., field notes, interview transcripts, etc.).
- You can code multiple times with different methods
- you can come up with your own new coding methods (e.g., oral coding, reverse coding).
How would you use attribute coding in your data?
answers vary.
How could you use magnitude coding in your own data?
Answers vary.
How could you use subcoding in your own data?
Answers vary
How could you use simultaneous coding in your own data?
Answers vary