2.2 Thinking, Problem-Solving, Judgments, Decision-Making
Kyle needs to kill a fly that is in the room, but cannot do so as he does not have a flyswatter, only a shoe to use.
What do we call the issue Kyle has here?
A. Functional Fixedness
B. Metacognition
C. Concept
D. Fixation
A. Functional Fixedness
Kevin lived abroad in Spain when he was in Elementary School. Later on, when he visits Cuba as an adult, he recalls some words in Spanish without having to think too much about it. This is an example of what kind of memory?
Implicit Memory
We remember the first and the last things we are told typically when told a lot of information. This is known as the:
Serial Position Effect
When we did the Yanny/Laurel video, I told you that you would hear the word Yanny. Many of you then reported hearing Yanny. What is this an example of?
Priming
Mr. Glomski told a really funny joke, but can't remember what teacher he heard it from. What is this an example of?
Source Amnesia
What is the difference between Convergent and Divergent Thinking?
Convergent: There is One Right Answer
Divergent: Consider many different options, Creative Thinking
When you were first introduced to Mr. Glomski, it might have been hard to remember his name. Over time, you recall it more and more easily. This is a result of the nerve cell's firing potential increasing over time, also known as:
Long-Term Potentiation (Long-Term Memory)
When you are introduced to a lot of people at once, what names are you most likely to forget?
The ones that are in the middle of the introductions.
Becky says she won't leave the store until her boyfriend buys her an expensive ring. He gives in and buys it for her. If Becky now thinks she can do this again and this will work, what type of memory is this an example of?
Context-Dependent Memory
Dylan is trying to tell Kyle about this really good sandwich he had at a sandwich shop when he momentarily forgets the name of the ingredient. What is this known as?
Tip of the Tongue Effect
A student is told that a thirty year old woman is either a teacher or a trucker. The student assumes based on their personal prototype that she is a teacher. She is actually a trucker.
What is this an example of?
Representativeness Heuristic
When we first obtain sensory memory, what are the two things that can happen to it?
We either:
1. Forget it quickly (within three seconds) or
2. It enters our Short-Term Memory
In order to remember states for her geography test, Samantha categorizes them by geographic region in north, south, east, and west.
What memory technique is this an example of?
CHUNKING
If students perform better on a short answer test compared to a multiple choice test, what does that say about recall vs recognition?
Students are able to recall their memories and answer the short answer questions better than they are able to recognize the correct answer through multiple choice.
What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?
Anterograde: You cannot form new memories
Retrograde: You cannot remember information from your past.
Describe a problem with only using an algorithm to solve a problem. Explain a solution to this.
Some step-by-step solutions to find the problem will be too long to solve using them. To cut down on time, we can use heuristics.
What do we have to do for something to leave our short-term/working memory and join our Long-Term Memory?
Under the multi-store memory model, we must rehearse the information for it to enter our long-term memory.
What is the difference between SHORT-TERM and LONG-TERM memory? Provide an example of each.
Short-Term: We recall for a small amount of time, typically around 20 seconds, in order to do something briefly with that information (write down a phone number)
Long-Term: We retain that information and want to remember it for a long time so we rehearse it to continue to recall it (Your significant other's birthday)
Describe the Testing Effect and why it is better than rereading.
By self-testing themselves on material, students are likely to be able to retrieve information much more easily than simply rereading information over and over.
Bob was in a car accident where his car was rammed into on the right side. Due to an erroneous police report, that says it happened on the left side, he believes it happened on the left side. When he finds out later that it happened on the right side, he is very surprised.
What memory challenge is this?
Misinformation Effect
A child grows up with a mother who does not work and is a stay-at-home mother. Their father works away from home. Explain how accommodation works when the child goes to school for the first time and has a teacher that is a woman.
The child will change their viewpoints to incorporate these new experiences to understand that some women stay home with their children while others work instead.
If Kelly wants to do the best she can on her upcoming AP Psychology test, what is the best way she can encode new words through rehearsal?
Answers will vary, but could include:
Use flash cards and describe each term off of that.
Think of examples of her own life she can compare each term to.
Study a bit each night rather than cram it all the night before.
Explain how the multi-store model of memory works through an example of the three types it use (Sensory-Short-Term-Long-Term)
Answers will vary, but an example is:
You see a recipe for a delicious apple pie.
You retain the ingredients and steps through your short-term memory by reading the recipe through each steps.
Through continuing to make the pie, you remember the steps without the recipe over time.
Create a memory consolidation plan to study for an AP Psychology test one week from today.
Answers will vary, but could look like:
Monday: 15 Minutes
Tuesday: 15 Minutes
Wednesday: 15 Minutes
Thursday: 15 Minutes
Friday: 15 Minutes
Saturday: 15 Minutes
Sunday: 15 Minutes
What is a way you can improve your memory? Come up with THREE examples.
Examples can include:
1. Rehearse repeatedly.
2. Make the material meaningful.
3. Activate Retrieval Cues
4. Use mnemonic Devices
5. Sleep More
6. Test Your Own Knowledge