Location of Processes
This process occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down glucose into pyruvate
What is glycolysis?
This mechanism uses a proton gradient to power ATP synthesis.
What is chemiosmosis?
This molecule stores energy in its phosphate bonds and powers cellular work.
What is ATP?
During intense exercise, this system provides an immediate but short-term source of ATP.
What is the phosphagen system?
A compound binds to Complex IV of the electron transport chain and prevents electron transfer. This causes an increase in what molecule
What is NADH?
The Krebs cycle takes place in this part of the mitochondrion.
What is the mitochondrial matrix?
This process couples energy-releasing reactions to energy-requiring reactions in cells.
What is ATP hydrolysis?
These two molecules produced during light-dependent reactions power the Calvin cycle.
What are ATP and NADPH?
A shortage of oxygen in muscle cells leads to this metabolic consequence.
What is lactic acid buildup due to fermentation?
When oxygen is unavailable in muscle cells, this process replaces aerobic respiration, leading to lactic acid buildup.
What is fermentation?
The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in this membrane system.
What is the thylakoid membrane?
This chain of molecules transfers electrons and pumps protons across a membrane.
What is the electron transport chain?
This enzyme embedded in membranes synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
What is ATP synthase?
Cold-induced stress in fat cells increases this structural feature of mitochondria to boost heat production.
What is the surface area of the inner membrane?
In an experiment, mitochondria in a solution at pH 9 fail to produce ATP. This dysfunction occurs because this gradient cannot form.
What is the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
The electron transport chain in cellular respiration is located in this specific membrane.
What is the inner mitochondrial membrane?
This process in muscle cells occurs when oxygen is scarce, regenerating NAD⁺ for glycolysis.
What is lactic acid fermentation?
This electron carrier accepts electrons during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
What is NAD⁺?
In an experiment, mitochondria in a solution at pH 4 produce ATP, but those at pH 9 do not. This supports which claim?
What is ATP production requires a proton gradient favoring movement into the matrix?
Blocking electron flow in the thylakoid membrane prevents this gradient from forming, stopping ATP synthesis during photosynthesis.
What is the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane?
This organelle in plant cells contains both electron transport systems and chemiosmotic mechanisms.
What is the chloroplast?
This mechanism explains why ATP synthase cannot function without a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane.
What is phosphorylation of ADP dependent on proton motive force?
This molecule is the final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain.
What is oxygen (O₂)?
Increased atmospheric CO₂ levels cause increased plant growth because CO₂ serves as this raw material.
What is the substrate for photosynthesis?
Cold-induced stress in fat cells alters mitochondrial structure. If the inner membrane surface area decreases instead of increasing, this process would be severely impaired.
What is oxidative phosphorylation (ATP production)?