EXTINCTION & RELAPSE
Fear returns after a new trauma occurs. This is:
A) Renewal
B) Reinstatement
C) Spontaneous recovery
D) Habituation
B – Reinstatement
→ Fear returns due to new trauma (new US).
Context mainly controls:
A) Reflexes
B) When learning applies
C) Sensory processing
D) US intensity
B – When learning applies
→ Context tells you WHEN to use past learning.
Feature positive involves:
A) A feature cue adding reward meaning
B) Two cues predicting no reward
C) Inhibition of learning
D) Random reinforcement
A – A feature cue adding reward meaning
→ It tells when the main cue is reinforced.
Learning shaped by evolution is called:
A) Preparedness
B) Reinforcement
C) Acquisition
D) Habituation
A – Preparedness
→ Evolution shapes what we learn easily
Observing without copying exact actions is:
A) Emulation
B) Imitation
C) Conditioning
D) Habituation
A – Emulation
→ Copying the goal, not the action
Spontaneous recovery supports the idea that extinction:
A) Is new learning
B) Erases memory
C) Prevents relapse
D) Is unimportant
A– Is new learning
→ Original memory still exists.
Occasion setters differ from CSs because they:
A) Directly cause CRs
B) Replace the US
C) Modulate other CSs
D) Weaken extinction
C – Modulate other CSs
→ Occasion setters don’t directly cause CRs
Why do animals struggle more with feature negative tasks?
A) No reinforcement is present
B) Memory is overloaded
C) CS- learning is weaker
D) Feature cues lack salience
C – CS- learning is weaker
→ It’s harder to learn when something doesn’t happen.
Which CS-US pairing is hardest?
A) Taste + illness
B) Light + shock
C) Sound + food
D) Taste + shock
B – Light + shock
→ Hardest pairing for rats
Which supports cultural transmission?
A) Reinforcement only
B) Social learning
C) Extinction
D) Preparedness
B – Social learning
→ Allows cultural transmission
Which situation best represents reinstatement?
A) Fear returns after location change
B) Fear returns after new shock
C) Fear returns after time
D) Fear generalizes
B – After new shock
→ That’s reinstatement.
Why do behaviors sometimes disappear outside training settings?
A) Forgetting
B) Poor motivation
C) Context dependency
D) Habituation
C – Context dependency
→ Learning doesn’t transfer across environments.
A light tells you a tone means no food. The light is a(n):
A) Secondary reinforcer
B) Occasion setter
C) US
D) CR
B – Occasion setter
→ The light modifies what the tone means.
Why is taste special in learning?
A) High salience for survival
B) Always paired with illness
C) Learned slowly
D) Needs repetition
A – High salience for survival
→ Taste predicts poisoning
Mate-choice copying is an example of:
A) Classical conditioning
B) Avoidance learning
C) Social influence
D) Extinction
C – Social influence
→ Choosing based on others
Which would least likely cause relapse?
A) Context change
B) Long time gap
C) Exposure to US
D) Extinction in multiple contexts
D – Extinction in multiple contexts
→ That reduces relapse
Which weakens contextual control best?
A) Massed training
B) Multiple context training
C) Single cue exposure
D) Strong US
B – Multiple context training
→ Reduces environmental control
What does a CS- indicate?
A) Reward coming
B) Reward withheld
C) Stronger CR
D) Faster extinction
B – Reward withheld
→ CS- signals no reward
What concept explains why rats won’t associate light with illness?
A) Blocking
B) Extinction
C) Overshadowing
D) Preparedness
D – Preparedness
→ Explains selective associations.
Which best represents animal culture?
A) All wolves hunt
B) All primates play
C) All mice eat cheese
D) Certain birds open bottles in one region
D – Certain birds open bottles in one region
→ This shows group-specific behavior.
Why does reinstatement require exposure to a US or similar stimulus?
Reinstatement requires US exposure because the aversive event reactivates the fear memory.
How could a teacher use occasion setters to manage classroom behaviour?
A teacher could use specific signals (e.g., a clapping pattern) to control when attention or silence is expected.
Explain feature negative learning using a real-life example.
Example: A green traffic light means go, but green + siren means stop for emergency vehicles.
Why does taste aversion violate standard conditioning timing rules?
It works even with long delays, unlike standard classical conditioning.
Explain why teaching behavior is costly for the demonstrator.
Teaching requires time and energy and often reduces the teacher’s own benefits.