1. Industrial Revolution Inventions
This British industry was the first to industrialize, using machines like the spinning jenny and power loom
The textile industry
. Socially, people in Latin America of pure European descent born in the colonies, not in Europe, were known by this term.
Creoles
In the early Industrial Revolution, whole families worked long hours in factories and mines, including this group of young workers who were often small enough to fit between machines.
Children / child laborers
This ideology believed in individual rights, freedom of speech, and government based on constitutions and elected assemblies, ideas inspired by the Enlightenment.
Liberalism
This style of painting in the 1800s showed dramatic scenes, strong emotions, and nature’s power, often glorifying national heroes and struggles.
Romanticism
This invention by James Watt greatly improved an earlier design and became the main source of power for factories, mines, and trains
The steam engine
This enslaved former coachman became a leader in the Haitian Revolution and helped Haiti gain independence from French rule.
Toussaint L’Ouverture
. Poor, quickly built housing where many working-class families lived in industrial cities were called these overcrowded buildings.
Tenements
This ideology wanted to preserve traditional institutions like monarchy, the church, and social hierarchy, and opposed rapid change and revolutions.
Conservatism
After independence, many Latin American countries remained economically dependent by exporting raw materials like sugar and coffee and importing these kinds of goods from Europe.
Manufactured goods / finished products
This machine, invented by Eli Whitney, quickly removed seeds from cotton and increased the demand for slave labor in the American South.
The cotton gin
This revolutionary from Venezuela, called “The Liberator,” helped free Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia from Spanish rule.
Simón Bolívar
This new schedule, demanded by factory owners, controlled workers’ lives, replacing natural rhythms of day and night with strict hours.
The factory system / the factory discipline (strict factory clock/time)
This movement believed that people who share a common language, history, and culture should be united under one government, which often challenged old empires.
Nationalism
In many Latin American countries, the Catholic Church kept great influence after independence, especially in this area of society, such as running schools and teaching moral values.
Education
This new transportation method, powered by steam locomotives running on iron rails, allowed goods and people to move quickly across land.
The railway / railroad
One important cause of the Latin American independence movements was that this European country, which ruled Spain and Portugal’s royal families, weakened control over its colonies when Napoleon invaded it in 1808.
France’s invasion of the Iberian Peninsula / Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal
To respond to low wages, long hours, and unsafe conditions, workers sometimes stopped working together in this organized action.
A strike
This economic theory, developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, predicted a violent revolution in which the proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a classless society.
Marxism
In the 19th century, this artistic movement showed everyday life and ordinary people with accurate detail instead of idealized heroes or fantasy scenes.
Realism
This process, developed before the Bessemer method, used coke to heat iron ore at high temperatures and was essential for producing iron on a large scale.
The puddling process (or use of coke in iron smelting)
This conservative leader in Mexico first fought to keep Spanish power and later issued a plan that united royalists and revolutionaries, eventually making him emperor of Mexico.
Agustín de Iturbide
During the Industrial Revolution, some people feared machines would take away their jobs; these British workers responded by breaking machines in factories and were known by this name.
Luddites
This English thinker wrote about “utilitarianism,” arguing that laws and actions should create “the greatest happiness for the greatest number.”
Jeremy Bentham
In architecture, many 19th-century European and Latin American public buildings, such as courthouses and government offices, were built in this style inspired by ancient Greece and Rome to suggest order, democracy, and power.
Neoclassical style / Neoclassicism