Ch. 44?
What is DDT?
This pesticide entered aquatic food webs and became more concentrated at higher trophic levels.
What is blood shunting?
This adaptation shunts blood away from the gut and into the brain & heart during deep dives.
What are regulators?
Animals that maintain internal conditions despite external change.
What is hydrolysis?
Chemical digestion uses this type of reaction to break polymers into monomers.
What is increased surface area and short diffusion distance?
The reason diffusion works best across thin, moist surfaces.
What is biological magnification?
The process by which toxins increase in concentration as you move up trophic levels.
What is countercurrent exchange?
Fish use this mechanism, where water and blood flow in opposite directions.
What is negative feedback?
Sweating and shivering are examples of this control mechanism.
What are molars?
Herbivores typically have these specialized, flattened teeth.
Only about this percent of energy transfers to the next trophic level.
What is myoglobin?
This oxygen-binding molecule is stored at extremely high levels in diving mammals.
What are parabronchi?
Birds use these tiny tubes for continuous gas exchange.
What is countercurrent heat exchange?
This mechanism conserves heat by exchanging warm arterial and cool venous blood.
What is hemolymph?
Insects use this circulatory fluid instead of blood.
What is the top trophic level?
Apex predators receive the least energy because they occupy this level.
What is bradycardia?
Elephant seals slow their heart rate during dives; this term describes it.
What are posterior and anterior air sacs?
These sacs in birds allow one-way airflow through the lungs.
What is torpor?
A short-term drop in metabolic rate and body temperature.
What is the pulmocutaneous circuit?
Amphibians use their lungs and skin in this circuit.
What is fusiform shape?
Sharks and penguins share this streamlined body form by convergent evolution.
What are collapsible lungs?
These structures collapse in deep-diving mammals to avoid nitrogen absorption.
What is the operculum?
These protect the gills of a bony fish.
What is an essential amino acid?
Lysine is an example of this type of nutrient that must be obtained from diet.
What is one-way airflow?
Birds achieve highly efficient respiration because airflow is this, not tidal.
What is buccal pumping?
Amphibians use this pumping process to ventilate their lungs.