Body Regions
What is the vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
Frontal
Which bone cells break down bone tissue?
Osteoclasts
What is the primary energy source used for muscle contraction?
ATP
What determines skin color and protects from UV radiation?
Melanin
What division of the nervous system operates without conscious control?
Autonomic nervous system
The knee is ____ to the ankle?
proximal
What type of joint is freely moving?
Synovial/diarthrosis
What muscle fiber is the best for activities such as sprinting and jumping?
Type IIB/IIX (fast-twitch glycolytic)
What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
It helps to prevent bacteria from getting in and helps retain water and warmth.
What controls higher brain functions such as reasoning, emotions, problem-solving, voluntary movement, and sense?
Cerebrum
What is the most common type of homeostatic control, where the effector's output reduces or shuts off the original stimulus?
Negative Feedback Loop
Why does Osteoporosis increase the risk of having a fracture?
Osteoporosis lowers the bone mass, creating fragile bones.
What is this an example of: The shrinking of muscle tissue due to lack of use or stimulation.
Muscle atrophy
What are 2 things hair provides in terms of the integumentary system?
It provides warmth and protection from UV radiation from the sun.
What does the sciatic nerve do?
Helps with both motor and sensory functions. Its primary function is to innervate the muscles of the posterior thigh (hamstrings) for movement. It also provides sensation to the leg and foot.
Explain why sweating is important to maintaining homeostasis when the temperature is increasing.
Sweating allows heat to be released through evaporation, allowing for a cooling effect. If the core temperature remains high, your body would go into something called hyperthermia, which can be dangerous as it can have negative impacts on vital organs.
A child patient is presenting with bowed legs and complains of having pain in their bones. What medical condition could they have and what causes it?
The child might have Rickets. This is caused by Vitamin D deficiency, preventing proper calcium absorption.
Explain what happens during rigor mortis and why the body "stiffens".
In order for a muscle to relax, it requires ATP to detach the myosin heads from the actin filaments. However, when the body dies, cellular respiration stops, causing ATP production to stop. Without ATP, the myosin head remains attached to the actin filaments. This causes the stiffness.
How do Langerhans cells help defend the immune system?
They detect when pathogens enter the body and alert the T-cells to create an immune response.
Give an example of something Sympathetic division does and why?
It causes pupil dilation during an emergency to allow for better vision.
Describe the function of a protein and explain what would happen if it were removed from the body?
Proteins are made up of amino acids.
Function: They function as enzymes and help with structural components.
Explanation: Without them, metabolism and tissue repair would fail.
Which ligament in the knee is most likely to be injured if the tibia slides backward excessively?
The PCL is most likely to be injured. The PCL is positioned to prevent the tibia from moving back too far posteriorly underneath the femur. If a force pushes too far back, it would cause stress, creating a tear.
How would the lack of calcium affect the ability of muscles to contract?
The myosin-binding sites would remain blocked, which would prevent cross-bridge formation and contraction.
What skin layer would be affected most if it lost collagen? What would it result in?
Describe the effect emotional stress would have on both the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems.
It would trigger a "fight-or-flight" response by the Sympathetic Nervous System. This would increase heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure while releasing stored energy. While this is happening, the Parasympathetic Nervous System would pause non-essential functions like digestion.