Periodic table
In which group of the periodic table would you find the noble gases?
The noble gases are found in Group 18
What is the main reason atoms form chemical bonds?
What is matter, and what are its two essential properties?
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space (has volume).
What is temperature, fundamentally, and how does it relate to particle motion?
Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy (energy of motion) of the particles (atoms or molecules) in a substance; higher temperature means particles are moving faster on average.
What are the three main subatomic particles that make up an atom, and where are they located?
Protons (positive charge) and neutrons (no charge) are found in the central nucleus, while electrons (negative charge) orbit the nucleus in an electron cloud.
What is the name given to the elements in Group 1, excluding hydrogen?
These elements are known as the alkali metals.
How does a covalent bond form, and what elements are typically involved?
A covalent bond forms when two nonmetal atoms share pairs of valence electrons.
Name the three common states of matter, and describe the particle arrangement in each.
What is the difference between temperature and heat?
Temperature measures the average kinetic energy, while heat is the transfer of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler one due to that temperature difference.
What determines the identity of an element (e.g., why is it Carbon and not Oxygen)?
The number of protons (atomic number) defines the element; every atom of a specific element always has the same number of protons.
What is the difference between groups and periods in the periodic table?
A period is a horizontal row, while a group (or family) is a vertical column.
What are three properties of metallic bonds, and what elements are they found in?
Metallic bonds are found in metals, allowing for properties like malleability (can be hammered), ductility (can be drawn into wires), luster (shiny), and good electrical conductivity.
What is the difference between an element and a compound?
An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom (like Oxygen), while a compound is formed when two or more different elements chemically bond together
Name the three common temperature scales and identify which one uses 0°C for water's freezing point and 100°C for boiling.
The scales are Fahrenheit (°F), Celsius (°C), and Kelvin (K). The Celsius scale uses 0°C for freezing and 100°C for boiling.
What is an "ion," and how does it form?
n ion is an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons, giving it a net electrical charge (positive or negative) instead of being neutral.
Which group of elements on the periodic table is known as the "halogens," and why are they highly reactive non-metals?
Group 17.
What type of bond holds table salt (NaCl) together, and what elements are involved?
An ionic bond holds salt together, formed between a metal (Sodium, Na) and a nonmetal (Chlorine, Cl) that transfer electrons.
How do you distinguish a physical change from a chemical change in matter?
A physical change alters the form but not the substance, while a chemical change creates a new substance with new properties
What is absolute zero, and what happens to particle motion at this point?
Absolute zero (0 Kelvin or -273.15°C) is the theoretical temperature where all molecular motion stops, meaning particles have minimum possible kinetic energy.
How can you tell if an atom is electrically neutral?
A neutral atom has an equal number of positive protons and negative electrons, so their charges cancel out, resulting in no overall charge.
What is the primary difference between metals, nonmetals, and metalloids on the table?
Metals are generally shiny, malleable, and conduct electricity; nonmetals are dull, brittle, and poor conductors; and metalloid have properties of both.
What is the main difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond?
The primary difference is how electrons are used. In an ionic bond, one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating oppositely charged ions that attract each other. In a covalent bond, atoms share pairs of electrons to achieve stability.
What is an atom, and what are its main subatomic particles?
An atom is the basic building block of matter, consisting of a central nucleus (protons and neutrons) surrounded by orbiting electrons.
Describe one way heat energy can be transferred and provide a real-world example.
Conduction (direct contact), Convection (fluid movement, like warm air rising), or Radiation (waves, like the sun's warmth). Example: Feeling warmth from a hot stove burner through your hand (conduction) or feeling the sun's heat (radiation).
What are isotopes, and how are they different from each other?
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (same protons) that have different numbers of neutrons, which changes their mass but not their chemical identity.