NPs in circulation
The layer of serum proteins that coats the nanoparticle surface
What is the protein corona?
The largest reticuloendothelial system organ responsible for removing foreign particulates
What is the liver?
Precision medicine applications that may benefit from NPs (name one)
What is creating autologous cell therapies (TCR and CAR), modulating the immune system and response (mRNA vaccines), determining PK altered by disease states (NP-based imaging to study EPR), genome editing, stratifying patients based on biomarkers and genetic information (Ab-targeted NP), or overcoming specific barriers to reach target tissues (mucus penetrating NPs to delivery therapies in cystic fibrosis)?
Do NPs rely more on passive or active transport across cellular membranes?
What is active transport?
What are polymeric, inorganic, and lipid-based?
One method to reduce or deter serum proteins from binding to the nanoparticle surface
What is coating NPs with neutral-charged polymers, such as PEG? Density and length of PEGylation impacts protein adsorption and NP circulation lifetime?
Resident liver macrophages that eliminates nanoparticles
What are Kupffer cells?
Features of the tumor microenvironment that affect nanoparticle delivery to tumor cells (list multiple)
What are different cell types, ECM, necrotic regions, high interstitial pressure
This form of endocytosis can occur in molecules smaller than approximately 60 nm and utilizes lipid rafts to create specialized vesicles after engulfment.
What is caveolin-mediated endocytosis?
Various techniques used to synthesize polymeric NPs (name one)
What is emulsification, nanoprecipitation, ionic gelation, or microfluidics?
Trends for factors (size, shape, charge, surface coating) that determine what happens to NPs in the circulation (name one)
What are spherical and larger NPs marginate more easily during circulation, rod-shaped NPs extravasate more readily, uncoated or positively charged NPs are cleared more quickly by macrophages, rod-shaped, neutral and targeted NPs penetrate tumors more readily, and negatively charged, smaller and coated NPs more easily traverse mucosal barriers?
Other organs that contain more immune cells that can interact with nanoparticles that escape the liver (list multiple)
What are the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and lungs?
The phenomenon where NPs can accumulate in tumors as leaky vessels enable NP extravasation
What is the enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR)?
What is clathrin-mediated endocytosis?
What are cationic or ionizable lipids that complex with negatively charged genetic material and aid endosomal escape, phospholipids for particle structure, cholesterol for stability and membrane fusion, and PEGylated lipids to improve stability and circulation?
The protein corona can be made up of these three layers
What are the foundation layer, the assembly layer, and the binding layer?
What is extravasation?
This pathway can be exploited for trans-epithelial movement in the intestine by using an NP coated in this. This target may be especially useful in the treatment of colon cancer and IBD, which both cause over expression of this receptor in the intestinal mucosa.
A phenomenon where certain ionizable materials leads to an influx of counter-ions and water into a cellular compartment like an endosome, causing it to swell and rupture
What is the proton sponge effect?
Targeting moieties that can be engineered onto NP surfaces that allow for enhanced delivery (name multiple)
What are self peptides, carbohydrates, antibodies, cell surface receptors, vitamins, and aptamers?
An alternative to stealth cloaking via PEGylation, this option for stealth reduces macrophage cellular uptake of NPs and immune complement activation.
What is platelet membrane cloaking?
What is the space of Disse?
Increased expression of this protein in cystic fibrosis results in decreased pore size and low rates of mucus clearance, which makes a complex environment for NP delivery.
What is MUC5B?
These receptors are exploited for cell-specific active targeting of APCs by NPs
What are carbohydrate-recognizing lectin receptors?
What is the iCluster?