Replication
What is the purpose for DNA replication?
for growth, repair, and proper functioning.
What is the biology definition of a mutation?
A permanent alteration in the DNA sequence of an organism.
Where does transcription occur?
In the Nucleus.
Where does translation occur?
In the cytoplasm.
What is the structure of a DNA strand?
Double helix
What is the difference between the leading and lagging strand?
The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the same direction as the moving replication fork, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in small segments (Okazaki fragments) moving away from the fork
What is a frameshift mutation?
Through insertion or deletion of an amino acid, that shifts all of the codons.
Transcript these DNA bases into RNA: TAC CGA AAA GCT ATT
AUG GCU UUU CGA UAA
Translate these RNA codons into amino acids: AUG GCU UUU CGA UAA
Start, Ala, Phe, Arg, Stop
what are the nitrogenous bases in DNA.
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine.
What separates the DNA strands during replication?
Helicase.
Which mutations does not change the amino acid sequence?
A Silent mutation.
What happens during transcription?
a cell copies a segment of DNA into a complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.
What happens during translation?
A cell reads messenger RNA (mRNA)'s genetic code at a ribosome and uses transfer RNA (tRNA) to bring specific amino acids, linking them into a polypeptide chain that folds into a functional protein.
What are two structural differences between DNA and RNA?
RNA is single stranded and has the base Uracil instead of thymine.
What direction does DNA polymerase go in?
5' to 3'
Do mutations affect proteins, hydrogen bonds, or the nitrogenous bases?
Mutations change the bases which can affect what protein is made.
What enzyme carries out transcription?
RNA polymerase.
What is a Codon?
3-base sequences on mRNA.
What connects the nitrogenous bases?
hydrogen bonds
What is created by the enzyme helicase to make the DNA "unzips".
A Replication Fork.
Why don't mutations always effect the offspring.
Most of the time mutations are either recessive or not genetic.
What is made during transcription?
mRNA
What are the three different types of RNA?
What are the three groups in a nucleotide?
a phosphate group, five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base