Key Terms
This term refers to independent traders who sometimes traded illegally with First Nations for furs.
What is a coureur de bois?
The First Nations traded with Europeans who came to fish this on the east coast.
What is cod?
This country took control of the fur trade during this phase.
What is France?
This British company was founded in 1670 to compete with France.
What is the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC)?
This company assumed control of the French trade network in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence region.
What is the North West Company?
A person who buys from producers and sells to buyers, acting as a connection between the two
What is a middleman?
Early trade between Europeans and East Coast First Nations was mutually beneficial and helped establish this.
What is peace and friendship?
These two cities became key shipping centers along the St. Lawrence River.
What are Quebec and Montreal?
These First Nations acted as middlemen for the HBC in the west.
Who are the Cree and Nakoda?
This region became a British colony in 1763.
What is New France (became British)?
This type of competition involved groups trying to secure furs and increase wealth.
What is economic competition?
One First Nation mentioned as trading with early Europeans on the east coast.
Who are the Mi’kmaq?
This group acted as middlemen between the French and other First Nations in the Great Lakes.
Who are the Ouendat?
These men travelled by canoe between St. Lawrence settlements and western forts, crucial for the French fur trade.
Who are voyageurs?
This food mixture became an important trade item for the Métis and western traders.
What is pemmican?
A high-energy food made from dried meat, fat, and sometimes berries.
What is pemmican?
Cartier’s voyages helped to continue trading with these groups on the east coast.
Who are the East Coast First Nations?
This war involved France and the Haudenosaunee, linked to the fur trade.
What is the French-Haudenosaunee war?
The children of First Nations mothers and French fathers in this phase were called this.
Who are the Métis?
This colorful sash became part of Métis cultural attire.
What is the ceinture fléchée?
A leader in Anishinabe society was called this.
What is an Ogiamuh?
The time period from 1500–1603 in the fur trade is known as this phase.
What is the Early Fur Trade?
Independent traders who emerged when the Ouendat were no longer middlemen.
Who are the coureurs de bois?
Many HBC employees came from these islands in Scotland.
What are the Orkney Islands?
By 1800s, this group had developed a distinct culture blending First Nations, French, and Scottish influences.
Who are the Métis?