Causes of Industrialization
What natural resources most directly fueled U.S. industrial growth in the late 1800s
Coal, iron, oil, and timber
What business strategy did Andrew Carnegie use to control steel production?
Vertical integration
How did industrialization affect working conditions
Long hours, low wages, unsafe environments
What was the primary goal of the Progressive Movement?
To reform economic, political, and social problems
What amendment gave women the right to vote?
19th Amendment
How did railroad expansion contribute to rapid industrialization?
It connected markets, reduced transportation costs, and encouraged mass production
How did trusts and monopolies affect competition?
They eliminated competition and controlled prices
What impact did industrialization have on urbanization?
Rapid city growth and overcrowded housing
How did Progressives attempt to reduce political corruption?
Civil service reform, direct primaries, initiative, referendum, recall
How successful were Progressive labor reforms by 1920?
Some success, but many workers remained unprotected
Why was immigration essential to industrial growth?
It provided cheap labor for factories and mines
What was the main goal of corporations during the Gilded Age?
Maximizing profits and market control
How did wealth distribution change during the Gilded Age?
Wealth became concentrated among industrialists
What role did muckrakers play in Progressive reform?
They exposed corruption and social injustice
Why did Progressivism appeal mainly to the middle class?
They feared corruption and social instability
How did government policy support industrial expansion?
Through laissez-faire policies, low taxes, and limited regulation
Why were economies of scale important to large corporations?
They lowered production costs by producing goods in large quantities
Why did labor unions form in the late 19th century?
To demand better wages, hours, and working conditions
Which reform targeted unsafe food and drugs?
The Pure Food and Drug Act
What groups benefited least from Progressive reforms?
African Americans and immigrants
Why did technological innovation accelerate industrialization?
New inventions increased efficiency, speed, and production capacity
How did industrial growth change the U.S. economy by 1900?
The U.S. became a leading global industrial power
What social class expanded due to industrial growth?
The middle class
Why did Progressives support government regulation of business?
To limit monopolies and protect consumers and workers
Overall, how successful was the Progressive Movement by 1920?
Moderately successful major reforms passed, but inequality persisted