Primary Movers
This muscle flexes the elbow and shoulder, as well as supinates the forearm
Biceps Brachii
What does a positive apprehension test indicate?
What test: Elbow is extended, GH is flexed to 90 degrees, scapula is slightly retracted. The clinician applies pressure at the vertebral border of the scapula to add resistance.
Scapular retraction
How do you test the dermatome for C6?
Run your hand from the distal humers/lateral elbow down to the thumb and index finger
involves a mechanical compression of the supraspinatus tendon, the subacromial bursa, and the long head of the biceps tendon, all of which are located under the coracoacromial arch. This mechanical compression is due to a decrease in space under the coracoacromial arch. Repetitive compression eventually leads to irritation & inflammation of these structures.
Shoulder impingement
These muscles move the shoulder into extension.
Latissimus dorsi and teres major
What does a positive clunk test mean?
Scapular protraction and upward rotation
How do you test the Myotome for C8?
Opposition of the thumb and pinky
abnormal movement of the scapula. The term SICK is a mnemonic that describes several factors that contribute to the pathology. This occurs due to adaptive changes from the repetitive use of the shoulder, particularly in throwing athletes. These changes are detrimental to normal function of the shoulder & can increase the chances of injury.
Scapular dyskinesis
These muscles move the arm into abduction.
deltoid muscle group and supraspinatus
What does a positive sulcus sign look like?
Indentation beneath the acromion process, the humeral head slides inferiorly on the glenoid fossa.
What test: pt elevates the humerus and the clinician uses one hand at the superior scapular border to move the scap with the upward rotation. The other hand is at the inferior angle to pull the scap back.
Scapular assistance test
How do you test the myotome for C7?
tricep extension
more characteristic of an older person, but occasionally it occurs in the younger patient. The exact cause is unclear. However, it involves a contracted & thickened joint capsule that is tight around the humeral head, with little synovial fluid. There is also chronic inflammation w/ some fibrosis. The rotator cuff muscles are also contracted & inelastic. Constant, generalized inflammation causes pain on both active & passive motion. Thus, the individual will progressively resist moving the joint because of pain.
Adhesive capsule (frozen shoulder)
These muscles move the scaps into retraction.
What muscle is tested with the empty can test?
supraspinatus tendon
What test: arm being tested is behind the pt's back with GH internally rotated and the elbow flexed. The clinician applies pressure to the hand as the pt tries to lift their hand off their back in an upward and lateral direction.
Scapular retraction and downward rotation
How do you test the dermatome for C5?
Run your hand along the Middle deltoid
This injury indicates tearing/rupture of acromioclavicular ligaments w/ associated stretching of the coracoclavicular ligament. There is partial displacement & prominence of the lateral end of the clavicle when compared w/ unaffected side.
Grade 2 AC sprain
These muscles move the shoulder into adduction.
Pec major, latissimus dorsi, and teres major
How do you make sure that the pain is coming from an AC joint pathology during the O'Brien test?
Cross the arm to perform horizontal adduction. Pn with internal rotation and resistance.
How do you test the myotome for T1?
This injury is rare & involves the clavicle being displaced inferior to the coracoid behind the coracobrachialis tendon.
Grade 6 AC sprain