Pathophysiology
A sustained blood pressure of 130/90 mmHg or higher.
What is hypertension?
Often used first-line to treat hypertension.
what is hydrochlorothiazide?
This medication is an example of an ARB commonly prescribed for hypertension.
What is losartan?
These medications lower blood pressure by blocking calcium entry into these two types of cells.
What are cardiac muscle and vascular smooth muscle cells?
This medication lowers blood pressure by decreasing heart rate
what is metoprolol
Plays a major role in blood pressure regulation through renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone.
What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
Thiazide diuretics lower blood pressure by promoting excretion of this electrolyte along with water.
what is sodium
ARBs block angiotensin II at this specific receptor type.
What is the AT1 receptor?
This dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker is commonly used for hypertension.
What is amlodipine
Metoprolol lowers blood pressure by blocking this type of receptor
What are beta-1 adrenergic receptors
Angiotensin II increases blood pressure primarily by causing this effect on blood vessels.
What is vasoconstriction?
A common electrolyte imbalance seen with thiazide diuretics is this low potassium condition.
What is hypokalemia?
Unlike ACE inhibitors, ARBs are less likely to cause this persistent side effect.
What is an ACE inhibitor-induced dry cough?
This side effect is common with dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers due to vasodilation.
What is peripheral edema
By suppressing renin release, metoprolol indirectly decreases activation of this blood pressure–regulating system
What is the RAAS
Long-term uncontrolled hypertension can lead to damage in these 4 major target organs.
what are the heart, kidneys, brain and eyes?
Thiazides work in this part of the nephron.
What is the distal convoluted tubule?
ARBs can increase levels of this electrolyte, requiring monitoring.
What is potassium (hyperkalemia)?
Amlodipine lowers blood pressure by blocking L-type calcium channels in this tissue
What is smooth muscle
Abrupt discontinuation of metoprolol may cause this dangerous cardiovascular response
what is rebound hypertension
Has no identifiable cause and accounts for about 90%-95% of cases.
what is primary (essential) hypertension?
Thiazide diuretics may increase levels of this substance, requiring caution in patients with gout.
What is uric acid?
ARBs are contraindicated in this condition due to risk of fetal harm.
What is pregnancy?
By causing arterial vasodilation, amlodipine lowers blood pressure by decreasing this hemodynamic factor.
What is afterload
This respiratory condition requires caution when administering beta blockers due to the risk of bronchospasm
what is asthma