Winsper et al. (2019) — Associations between infant and toddler regulatory problems and later psychopathology
What three early behaviors were used to define infant regulatory problems?
Crying, sleeping, and feeding problems
What is morality?
Welfare, rights, fairness, and justice
What is the term for involuntary movements that infants are born with?
Reflexes
At what age does birth weight double?
4 months
Name two adolescent mental health outcomes studied
Depression, psychotic symptoms, or borderline personality disorder symptoms
Why do the authors argue that morality must be clearly defined?
clear definitions allow researchers to communicate and test ideas scientifically
Why is infant vision blurry at birth?
The visual system and brain pathways are still developing
At what age does birth weight triple?
1 year
What environmental factor predicted psychopathology both directly and indirectly?
Family adversity.
What key difference exists between infants’ behavior and preschoolers’ moral reasoning?
Infants participate socially, while preschoolers judge actions as right or wrong.
What is the difference between fine and gross motor skills?
Gross motor = large body movements
fine motor = small precise movements.
At what age does birth weight quadruple?
The study controlled for three confounding variables. What were they, and using your own interpretation, how do you think they influence the model?
Gender, Family adversity, Birthweight, Mother’s mental health
What cognitive ability helps children reject unfair stereotypes?
Theory of mind
What milestone shows infants understand objects continue to exist when hidden?
Object permanence
85 billion
Why can indirect effects exist even when no direct relationship is found between early and later outcomes?
Absence of a direct effect ≠ absence of influence
What evidence suggests morality involves developmental change rather than simple continuity?
Children gradually develop categorical moral judgments and obligations across early childhood
Why is the sensorimotor stage foundational for later thinking?
Knowledge begins through action and perception, forming the basis of later mental reasoning
In a 24-hour period, newborns sleep approximately how many hours?
16.5 hours a day