ARTIFICIAL BORDERS
What were artificial borders?
Borders drawn by Europeans without considering African societies
What was the Berlin Conference about?
Dividing Africa among European powers
Name one technological advantage Europeans had.
Guns, ships, or medicine
Did Africans resist colonization?
Yes
What caused European conquest of Africa to speed up?
New technology
Who created the borders in Africa?
European powers
Where did the conference take place?
Berlin, Germany
What weapon gave Europeans huge military power?
The Maxim gun
Name one way Africans resisted.
Fighting, diplomacy, alliances
What effect did artificial borders have on African societies?
Divided groups and created conflict
What important groups were ignored when borders were drawn?
Ethnic groups, languages, kingdoms
Who was NOT invited to the conference?
Africans
How did steamships help Europeans expand?
They traveled rivers and moved troops/supplies easily
Who led Ethiopia’s resistance?
Menelik II
How did guns affect battles between Europeans and Africans?
Europeans defeated larger armies easily
Why did Europeans draw straight-line borders on maps?
To divide land based on European interests and avoid wars between Europeans
What did European leaders use to divide Africa?
Maps and straight lines
What medicine helped Europeans survive in Africa?
Quinine (for malaria)
What battle kept Ethiopia independent?
Battle of Adwa
How did borders and technology work together to control Africa?
Technology conquered land; borders controlled it politically
How did artificial borders cause problems after independence?
They caused tension, conflict, and civil wars
What was the main goal of European leaders at the conference?
To avoid fighting each other and secure land
Why did technology change imperialism into organized conquest?
It made conquest faster, safer, and more powerful
Why were most African resistance movements defeated?
Europeans had better weapons and resources
Why do some modern African conflicts connect to colonial borders?
Borders created long-term tension and instability