Muscle Physiology
The functional unit of muscle contraction.
What is the sarcomere?
HR × SV equals this.
What is cardiac output?
This process forms glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
What is gluconeogenesis?
Air moved in or out during quiet breathing.
What is tidal volume?
This scale measures perceived exertion from 6 to 20.
What is the Borg RPE scale?
This theory explains how myosin heads generate force.
What is sliding filament theory?
This node is the natural pacemaker of the heart.
What is the SA node?
This cycle oxidizes acetyl-CoA to produce NADH and FADH₂.
What is the Krebs cycle?
TV (Tidal Volume) × RR (Respiratory Rate) equals this.
What is minute ventilation?
This equation uses HR reserve to determine target HR.
What is the Karvonen formula?
These receptors detect changes in muscle length.
What are muscle spindles?
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called this.
What is pulse pressure?
During fasting, this process in adipose tissue releases fatty acids and glycerol into circulation under the influence of epinephrine and glucagon.
What is lipolysis?
This law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature.
What is Boyle’s law?
This term describes the plateau in VO₂ despite increasing workload.
What is VO₂max?
This giant elastic protein spans from the Z-disc to the M-line within the sarcomere and contributes to passive tension and recoil during stretch.
What is titin?
An increase in end-diastolic volume that enhances stroke volume via myocardial fiber stretch is explained by this physiological principle.
What is the Frank–Starling law?
During prolonged fasting, the liver increases production of these molecules from acetyl-CoA as an alternative fuel source for the brain.
What are ketone bodies?
During heavy exercise, ventilation increases disproportionately to oxygen consumption at this threshold.
What is the ventilatory threshold?
This abnormal BP response during exercise is defined as a drop in systolic pressure with increasing workload.
What is exercise-induced hypotension?
This phenomenon describes reduced force when filaments overlap excessively.
What is active insufficiency?
A significant drop in stroke volume during acute hemorrhage is initially compensated by activation of this reflex originating in the carotid sinus and aortic arch.
What is the baroreceptor reflex?
During prolonged endurance exercise, this metabolic shift occurs as the body increases reliance on fatty acid oxidation while sparing glycogen stores.
What is the crossover concept?
This condition occurs when CO₂ retention lowers blood pH.
What is respiratory acidosis?
This equation estimates body fat using density.
What is the Siri equation?