DLD
What is DLD?
Significant limitations in language functioning not
attributed to hearing, oral function, or intelligence.
What ares of language are affected in language learning disability
All aspects of language spoken and written
What is Intellectual Disability (ID)?
characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, affecting everyday social and practical skills.
What causes Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)?
Prenatal exposure to alcohol
What are the 4 main stages of information processing?
Input (encoding) – receiving sensory information
Processing – interpreting and organizing the information
Storage – keeping the information in memory
Output (retrieval) – using or expressing the information
What area or language is mainly impacted in DLD?
syntax and morphology (form)
What is the term for when a child knows what they want to say but cannot retrieve the correct word?
Word-finding difficulty
What area is the MOST effected in ID?
language
What are the three main characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
Growth deficiencies, developmental disorders, and distinctive facial characteristics.
How can difficulties with information processing impact classroom learning?
Students may have difficulty following multi-step directions, processing verbal instructions, understanding lectures, and completing tasks quickly.
What pragmatic difficulties can occur in children with DLD?
Difficulty taking conversational turns, staying on topic, and producing clear narratives.
What comprehension difficulties are common in LLD?
Difficulty understanding WH-questions, sequences, and written information.
What is the criteria for ID?
-significantly sub-average (2 SD below mean of 100). IQ of 68.
-This must co-occur with limitations in 2 or more
adaptive areas such as self help, language, and
academic learning
How does language production compare to comprehension in many individuals with FASD?
Language production often exceeds comprehension
What is processing speed?
Processing speed is the rate at which an individual can take in information, understand it, and respond to it.
How does DLD affect semantics?
-slow vocabulary growth and lexical errors
-New words are not learned and stored quickly
-Naming difficulties secondary to less elaborate storage of words
Name something that children with LLD struggle with in language comprehension?
-Confusion with wh-questions (Who? What?
Where? When? Why?)
-Poor strategies for interacting with printed
information
-Confusion of letters that look similar (b/d)
and words that sound similar (plane/pain)
How is the developmental sequence of a child under the age of 10 with ID?
A child under 10- developmental sequence for children with ID is similar to typically developing (TD) children, but slower
What type of learning style is often seen in individuals with FASD?
They tend to be concrete learners
Why might children with language disorders struggle with information processing?
They may have difficulty efficiently interpreting, organizing, or storing linguistic information, which affects their ability to learn and use language.
What cognitive processing factor can limit a child’s ability to understand longer or more complex sentences in DLD?
working memory limitations
Name a possible causal factor of LLD.
• Biological:
- Heredity
- CNS dysfunction
• Social Environmental Factors:
- Acting out in response to frustration, accusations
of not trying, learned helplessness, fear of trying,
attention seeking
- Social successes and failures have a great
influence on subsequent interactions
• Processing Factors:
-executive functions
What is a biological factor that can lead/cause ID?
-Genetic and chromosomal (number, deletion, defects) ( such as Down Syndrome, and Fragile X Syndrome)
-Maternal infections (rubella, measles)
-Toxins and chemical agents (fetal alcohol syndrome) -Nutritional and Metabolic problems
-Gestational disorders (formation of brain or skull)
-Complications from pregnancy or during delivery
-neurological (including tumors)
What cognitive difficulties are common in individuals with FASD? (hint: name 4)
Attention problems, memory difficulties, executive function deficits, and poor problem-solving.
What role does attention play in information processing?
Attention helps individuals focus on relevant information and ignore distractions, which is necessary for language comprehension and learning.